The Relationship Between Revolution, State Reform, And...

The relationships between revolution, state reform, and industrialization came in a succession form. The ideas that were brought to light during the revolutions later defined how the states were reformed. The reformed states would later take on industrialization. During the American and French Revolutions some ideas were brought up that later defined the state formations. The idea of popular sovereignty allowed for states to become more democratic. This idea to allow the people to have some authority over the sovereign was brought about by John Locke. People wanted freedom, individual freedom to be exact. In terms of political and legal equality, the idea was that all individuals would be equal under the law. State reformation began through acquiring independence. Independence was acquired by means of war and conflict. There was later American, Haitian, Brazilian, and Mexican independence. For the Haitian Revolution, a slave revolt broke out and was led by a man named Toussaint L’Ouverture. Mexico became independent due to Napoleon invading Spain and weakening the royal control of the colonies and the independence movement led by Simà ³n Bolivar. Pedro the King’s son agreed to an independent Brazil. Industrialization began through new inventions and use of material. Coal replaced the use of wood. Some of the new inventions included the fluttering shuttle, spinning mule, water driven power loom, steam power, and different modes of transportation. Social classes were formed,Show MoreRelatedHoward Spodeks Chapter 17 Notes Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 17 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BRITIAN, 1700-1860 †¢ British cotton textile industry grew into the worlds most productive; its railway network became the nation’s principal means of inland transportation and communication; and a new fleet of steam-powered ships enabled Britain to project its new productivity and power around the globe. †¢ A Revolution in Agriculture o Jethro Tull invented the seed drill that replaced to old method of scattering seeds by hand on the surface of the soil. oRead MoreUrbanization, Industrialization, Popullation1376 Words   |  6 PagesGroup Presentation Report On topic: How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Student: Yen Hoang Keuka College How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? 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A temporary decline in employment does not outweigh the long term benefit of an economic deal such as NAFTA, which had the potential to refocus billions of dollars on goods which American industry is more efficient at producingRead MoreCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why It Failed1561 Words   |  7 PagesThey believed that the struggle between an exploiting class, the capatalists at present age, and an exploited class, the workers, would enter a crucial stage in the period of capitalism where industrialization occurs and that the effects of industrialization is to heighten and intensify the internal contradictions in capitalism. To put it bluntly they believed that the ownership of industry would be in fewer and fewer hands where the workers would plunge into a state of ever-increasing misery. TheseRead MoreUnderstanding How Social Change Has Affected Hong China1711 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom 1949 following a series of policies made by the government. They include the cooperatives, the land reforms, the production responsibility system, as well as the commune system. All of these factors have largely reshaped the relationships between the state and the peasants. A lot of perplexing and profound changes have been realized from these changes to the extent that the relationship between the two entities has become more intricate. Currently, it also forms part of the most controversial topics

Safety Management Systems And The Efficiency Provided...

Safety Management Systems and the Efficiency Provided throughout the Industry Putting in the work for an efficient and well-structured aviation safety program is well worth the cost of and risk the aviation industry may face. Risks has its costs, they are increasing with time and the aviation industry is paying for it. â€Å"Aviation safety is pretty much a people problem. The machinery we use is really pretty good, the problem is the way we use the airplane—a people problem† (Aviation Safety Programs a Management Handbook, 1976). This quote derived from a book from over forty years ago today, recognizes the need for a system to be put into play in order to help minimize this ‘people problem’. That system today is Safety Management Systems. â€Å"A systematic and explicit approach defining the activities by which safety management is undertaken by an organization in order to achieve acceptable or tolerable safety. The objective of a Safety Management System is to provide a structured management approach to control safety risks in operations. Effective safety management must take into account the organization’s specific structures and processes related to safety of operations.† (Skybary, 2016). The objective speaks for itself, it gives and organization control on issues that once seemed uncontrollable or even variable. Safety Management Systems provide and will continue to contribute to the assessment and hopeful elimination of most risks. The system’s four pillars explain theShow MoreRelatedSafety Management Systems And The Efficiency Provided Throughout The Industry1285 Words   |  6 PagesSafety Management Systems and the Efficiency Provided throughout the Industry Putting in the work for an efficient and well-structured aviation safety program is well worth the cost of and risk the aviation industry may face. 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Environmental Management Amazon Freshwater Ecosystems

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Management for Amazon Freshwater Ecosystems. Answer: Introduction Brazils 61 percent of land area is being covered by the Amazon region. The percentage is equals to 5.3 million square kilometers (Fao.org 2016). The place is home for around 20 million people and support 20% of the worlds animal and plant species (Fao.org 2016). The forests contribute to the economy of the country largely. However, the contribution of the forest in foreign trade of Brazil is just 3 to 4 percent, yet 8.6 percent of the Brazilian export is depends on the rain forest (Fao.org 2016). The employment rate of Brazil depends on the Amazon to a great deal as it provides 6.5 million jobs to the individuals of Brazil (Fao.org 2016). The south and the south-eastern part of brazil has been able to grow contribution as well as far as the agriculture is concerned mainly due to the technology available, the favorable climatic conditions and the infrastructure available to the farmers (Fao.org 2016). Recently, the tropical forest of Amazon is facing certain threats from the humankind . The threats from the humankind are eventually affecting the nature as well as the animal and people who are dependent on the forests (Waking Times 2015). The threats are in the form of: Construction of roads and the hydro-electric dams The individual cattle ranching and agriculture Mining works that includes bauxite, which is the main component of aluminum and gold Cutting of the trees for the purpose of retrieving wood from the trees Extraction of oil Farming at a small scale and other natural changes like the change in the climate The forest of Amazon used to capture 17 percent of the carbon and that helped in the regulating the temperature of the forest (Sky Rainforest Rescue 2016). However, due to the threats, it is now storing one third less of what it used to store before. As a result, the one billion tone of carbon are now being freely circulated in the air. One of the studies has predicted that by 2025, 40 percent of the forest will be destroyed mainly because of danger created by and the natural danger (Sky Rainforest Rescue 2016). The research will mainly look into the danger and threats that Amazon is currently facing due the human beings and the nature. It will further evaluate the problems faced by the plants and the animal species. The research will be helpful in understanding the perspectives of the people who are living in the Amazon region as well as the people who are living in the human regions. Project description Objectives of the research The overall objective of the research is to save the Amazon forest from being destroyed due to the advent of the human beings and its effects on the nature. The specific objectives of the research are: To reduce the deforestation of the Amazon region that is mainly used by the farmers or by illegal poachers To track the mafia who indulge in illegal timber business To enhance the eco-system by saving the endangered animal and plants species To reduce the effect of global warming, this is the biggest threat for the future Influence of the action in improving the situation of the target groups The actions to improve the situation of the target groups and final beneficiaries The target groups for the project are the plants and animal species of the eco-system. Due the global warming and the deforestation, the animal species in the eco-system are losing their home (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). The Amazon forest in Brazil is of the most famous tropical forest, which provides home to 20% of the species in the world (Fao.org 2016). Education is the best way to handle the people and help the target groups that is the animal species to live a better life (Nepstad et al. 2014). In addition to this, the negative target groups that are the timber mafia and the poachers can be handled only by educating the people living in the region. Activities and the work packages that could be implemented The actions that should be implemented to retain the sustainability of the eco-system of the Amazon region are: Stopping deforestation the Amazon forest, this will help in sustaining the eco-system of the region. The people who are living in the Amazon region should be taught about the negative effects of deforestation in their lives The farmers need to be aware of the problems of deforestation will not cause problem for the species in the eco-system; it will affect their business as well (Junk 2013). The ill effects of deforestation will have their influence in soil, which will become infertile. Once the soil in come infertile, it will in turn slow down the business of the farmers (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). The social media can come to help to save the eco-system of the Amazon region and for the betterment of the life of the people who are living in the regions (Couceiro et al. 2012). The animals and the plants are the most affected species in the Amazon region. The social media campaigning should include then dangers faced by the species and the steps taken by the individuals that could help save the animals and the plants (Rudel and Horowitz 2013). It is expected that 75 percent of the people who are using social media will come forwards to help in saving one of the most famous tropical forest the world and the rest of the population will come to know through the word of mouth (Castello et al. 2013). Once the farmers will gain knowledge about the ill effects of deforestation and will come to know that the Amazon forest will help the farmers in retaining their livelihood, then the modern techniques and tools can be introduced that will help in the enhancement of the farming (Nepstad et al. 2014). The farmers should try to introduce more eco-friendly products and tools that will help in enhancement of agriculture (Rudel and Horowitz 2013). The forest is also suffering from the illegal clutch of the poachers. The poachers are the main reason of the loss of the animals and plants from the forest and hence they should be banished from the regions (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). Once the people living in the Amazon region come to know about the threats from the poachers, chances are high that they will be successful in making the poachers leave the place (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). Expected results and the impact on the project Once the people will come to know about the danger that Amazon region is facing, there is a chance that they will become aware of the illegal activities as well as the farmers will gear up to save the place and the region (Couceiro et al. 2012). The farmer will come to know about the advanced techniques that will ultimately help them in enhancing their business and gain more profit (Junk 2013). They will use more advanced tool and agricultural techniques that will help in enhancing the eco-system of the region. The project will help the readers to become aware of the problems faced by the people in the Amazon regains and they will come forward to help the animals in the region. The project will not only help the people living in Amazon, but it will also help the world know about to know about the ill effects of deforestation and its effect on the Amazon region (Couceiro et al. 2012). Eventually, it will help in the enhancement of the climactic conditions all around the world and help the people in the world, to live a better life (Nepstad et al. 2014). The problems of global warming are beginning to affect not only the Amazon region but also the entire world. At times, those people are not even aware of the problems (Rudel and Horowitz 2013). This project will make them are of the problems and they will take precautions to make the place a better place to live in. Influence of the project on gender mainstreaming Once the forest department will aim at enhancing the eco-system of the Amazon region, the project needs to hire a number of people in different positions. People will be required for farming purpose. The project will require people who will help in saving the place from the illegal poachers and timber mafia (Castello et al. 2013). A strong security force is required to save the place. Other positions that will be open will in the administration department and people who have strong knowledge in animal rearing and plantations. There will be people who will be required for training the farmer with the new technologies and the agricultural tools. Amazon region will also require weather experts who will be able to tell about the climate changes in the place. The project will not indulge any kind of gender discriminations and will hire male and female employees in equal number (Krook and True 2012). Thus, it will be a good portrayal for the society and the people residing in urban regions will support the initiative when they will see the authorities are not discriminating based on gender (Razavi 2012). Influence of the project on special needs of the people with disabilities The people with disabilities will also be benefitted due to the projects because of the need of people in special posts. It has been already discussed the people that the project will require. The positions that will not require physical strength can hire people with the technical knowledge (Harpur 2012). It will also help in garnering the interests among the people who will come to know about the problems in the Amazon region through the social media (Harpur 2012). Methodology To implement the activities in the Amazon region to save the endangered species from extinctions, there is a need to implement the quantitative and qualitative research work. The quantitative and the qualitative research methods will help in understanding the perspectives of the individuals and will be helpful in understanding the problems in the Amazon region. The quantitative research will be in the form of surveys (Yin 2013). The survey will be carried out in the social media; the survey will mainly take into account the younger generations who will be speaking about their perspectives on the Amazon. The survey will help in understanding the degree of awareness among the people who are living in the society. On the contrary, the qualitative research will involve the interviews of the managers of different NGOs and different organizations that are involved in maintaining the forest regions (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). The government officials who work in the forest department will also act as the source of information regarding the problems faced by the people. The head of the agricultural department will be also being asked about the ways the farmers work in Amazon. The quantitative research will also be helpful in understanding the perspectives of the farmers who are working in the regions (Green and Thorogood 2013). The techniques that they use while farming in the Amazon and the tools that they use for the farming process will help in understanding the current statues of Amazon. For the proper implementation of the activities, it is necessary to take the feedback of the farmers the people living in the Amazon region, the organizations that are looking after the forest (Yin 2013). In addition to this, it is necessary to check the sustainability of the animal and plant species present in the area. Result chain leading to the expected outcome Figure: the basic component of result chain (Source: Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013) There are four components of the result chain Strategy Outcome (objective) Outcome (direct threat- objective) Impact on target (goal) The strategy that has been applied in the present project is to make the people aware of the current situation of Amazon forests. The people includes the people are staying in urban areas, the farmers who are staying at the Amazon region (Mertens 2014). The strategies that are being applied to make the people aware of the situation are through social media and general awareness among the farmers (Green and Thorogood 2013). The social media would be helpful in getting touch with the urban civilizations. As far as the farmers are concerned, they need to be told by meeting face-to-face (Schmidt and Hunter 2014). The main objective behind the strategy is to save the Amazon forests from destructions. The expected outcome from the strategies is that the people will come to know about the threats and they will take measures to protect the place. The direct threat that has been developed in the present case is the threat from the poachers and the illegal hunting of the animals that take plac e in the forests (Corbin and Strauss 2014). Some of the animals are already extinct and some are in the verge of extinctions. Hence, it is important that the people should know about the illegal works that go in the forests so that such activities could be stopped with immediate effect (Krueger and Casey 2014). In addition to this, the farmers are not aware of the latest technologies that will help in carrying out the agricultural works in a more eco-friendly manner. In such a situation, the region is at a threat even if the farmers carry out the work properly (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). The strategic implementation of the plans set for the betterment of the Amazon forests will help in the achieving the target of protecting the forests. Thus, the result chain shows the expected outcome to be a better place for the animal and the birds in the Amazon region (Krook and True 2012). It is expected that the facts that will be collected from then surveys that have been carried out in the social media and the campaign to save the Amazon will also help in gaining the attentions of the people. In addition to this, the education from the farmers working in the region will help in the better implementation of the agricultural technologies in the Amazon region (Jantz, Goetz and Laporte 2014). It is expected that the farmers will learn the new technologies and will come together to make Amazon a place free of any illegal activities (Krook and True 2012). Coordination of the project with other programs Several other organizations and online associations have the siomeilr prpheam of mprteting the Amazon regions. Out of the projects, some plan to protect the animal species, some aim to protect the plantations, while some projects aims at protecting the aboriginal settlements in the Amazon. The nature conservancy is one such association that aims at protecting the natural habitations of the world (Nature.org 2016). The mission of nature conservancy is to protect the land and water as the life of the human beings depends on that (Nature.org 2016). The nature conservancy aims at protecting the animals and pants species, sustainable farming and indigenous communities in Amazon (Nature.org 2016). Another organization is the Greenpeace International, which aims at protecting one of the indigenous communities, the Munduruku residing at the Amazon forest (Heartoftheamazon.org 2016). As the Munduruku clan is gradually decreasing, hence they have asked the government to protect the race (Heartoftheamazon.org 2016). The Greenpeace international mainly look after the aboriginal communities and tries to protect them from extinction (Heartoftheamazon.org 2016). It is important for organizations around the world to support the rain forest and help save the animal residing at the place. In addition to this, the place needs to be protected from the timber mafia so that the valuable plantations are not harmed anymore due to the human intervention. Project Options and Alternatives: Identification of the project options so that the target group situation is improved: The Amazon forest is the home of the largest variety of plant and animal species. Some of the rare species of animal and plants are found in these forests and it is the duty of the people to protect them. Since Amazon, forest is the home of tropical forest the cutting down of the trees need to be reduced. The logging companies they are cutting down the endangered forests so that it can be used for making paper and furnisher (Lee 2012). The pressure in these forests will reduce when people are concerned about using the products that has higher percentage of the recycling content. Alternative like the one the tree free paper needs to be used which is made up of hemps, kenaf, waste straw where trees are not cut for the purpose of production of paper (Gupta-Bhowon 2012). There is a need for incorporating wood efficient techniques and avoid the old growth wood products. Investments in the rainforest communities need to be increased. For example, RANs Protect an Acre Program has been creat ed so the rainforests are protected and this will help in supporting the communities of the rainforest. The program helps in ignoring the facts that there are people who depend on the forest and have lived in the forest sustainably for centuries (Gond and Moon 2012). These types of programmes will help the forest people to get some legal recognition with respect to the territories, develop economic initiative developed locally and resist the practices like that fossil fuel and logging development. The Rain Forest Action Network needs to be supported, as this will be an effective way to reduce the import of the cheap beef by many of the restaurant farms. Social Media is another viable option for communicating on the protecting of the rainforest and the animal species. Consideration of the options to tackle the problem: There are some of the best options recognised for tackling the problem of the depleting rain forest. The rain forest expands over a huge area, looking at the entire region is quite difficult, and this would incur huge cost. The supporters of the rain forests need to devise some good project plan so that it has a sound affect on the entire Amazon rainforest. Social Media is the most convenient option where in the message on securing rainforest is travelled across all parts of the world and they would be demanding less of the products on learning about the environmental consequences. The cost incurred through the campaigning through the social media is low and it expands to a large area. Social Media costs would be around 2000-3000 US dollars. The local farmers they need to be educated that rain forest plants, species are rare, and dying out of their stock might result in misbalance in the environmental concept (Sobala 2014). They need to be given scientific lessons about the environme nt and give them some practical examples so that they are able to reflect on it. Education about the environment need some focus by the government, as the private sector would not be indulged to invest on educating and training the farmers. Training the farmers would require learning tools, teacher and writing resources, which are provided by the government of Brazil at the subsidised rate so that all are able to afford (Egelston 2013). The project of training and education would be amounting to 1 to 2 billion rupees due to its geographical inconvenience and expanded area. Programmes supporting the Rainforest rejuvenation are also quite an expensive project as this helps the people to stay in peace with the Amazon forest with no harm provided to the forests (Idowu 2012). Alternative approach to improve the situation: The companies they are constantly intruding the rainforests of Amazon for the resources that are not available in other forests. The rain forest is the storehouse of essential medicines and other purposes. This is the reason for it being attracted by some of the leading firms around the world. Apart from the intervention by the government for protection the rainforests, there is a need for the corporate to include CSR strategy so that they are able to govern the environment along with the company aims and the objectives (Coombs and Holladay 2012). This type of strategy will have a positive impact in the society. With the social objective in mind , the business in mind they are able to act ethically by taking into consideration of the environmental and the social impact of their business. This would help the organization to mitigate the detrimental impact of the business on the community. There is going to be a change in the value chain so that there is more benefit for the community. The employees they have the opportunity to get involved in the social activities and the strategies learnt will be passed on to the other staffs in the workplace (Roorda 2012). With activities that is outside the normal course work , the employees they would be passionate about learning the newer perspective. The CSR activities will help in the organization growth and helps in the supporting of the employees (Prado-Lorenzo and Garci a Sa nchez 2013). The company to harness the maximum amount of benefit they are working with the local communities of the Amazon Basin so that they learn the indigenous way to extracting resources and taking into consideration the environmental needs. The rate at which the corporate extract, there is a needs to slow down. Project design reflecting the present operations and the international practices: The project has been design in such a way so that is adheres to the international practices. The project caters to one of the renowned international organization that is the World Wide Fund for Nature. WWF, nongovernmental organization has its base in the United States but works all around the world. The organization is supported by 5 million supporters and is working in almost 100 countries with thousands of project (Raven, Berg and Hassenzahl 2012). The Amazon forest projects are also controlled by their representative as this help in the keeping the global ecosystem stable. Conclusion The main objective of the research is to save the famous Amazon region from the timber mafia and stop deforestation and give the animal a better place to live in. it can be concluded that the interventions of the human beings will be able to stop the negative intervention of the human beings. The timber mafia and the poacher are the main reasons that Amazon is suffering from serious threats. However, the people of the society can stop the illegal activities in the Amazon region. The project to save the amazing regions involves the education of the farmers regarding the threats to the Amazon rain forests. The forests are the place of living as well as earning for the farmers. The campaign in the social media will help the people staying in the cities to know about the problems and they can come forward to help the people of the region. The expected outcome from the result chain shows that the proper implementation of the strategies that involves the education of the farmer and the peo ple in the urban areas will help them to achieve the final goal of saving the Amazon rain forest. Other than this particular project, the similar programs by the Nature Conservancy and the Greenpeace International have also taken steps to save the Amazon region. They have taken measures to save the animals and the plants, sustainable farming and save the aboriginal communities to make the Amazon forest a better place to live in. other than this project, there are chances of other alternative projects, which can be carried out by any private organization. By indulging in the corporate social responsibility, any private organization can come forward to save the rain forest. Then private organizations can join hands with the NGOs and help in implementing other projects that will help in saving the animals of the Amazon region. The organizations can offer monetary support to introduce special security forces that will prevent the mafia and poachers to enter the place and indulge in ille gal activities. Hence, it can be said that the project needs the support from people from different areas to save the nature and the endangered species of the nature. Proper steps and full proof approaches will help in successful implementation of the project. References Castello, L., McGrath, D.G., Hess, L.L., Coe, M.T., Lefebvre, P.A., Petry, P., Macedo, M.N., Ren, V.F. and Arantes, C.C., 2013. The vulnerability of Amazon freshwater ecosystems.Conservation Letters,6(4), pp.217-229. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. Coombs, W. and Holladay, S. (2012).Managing corporate social responsibility. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A., 2014.Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications. Couceiro, S.R.M., Hamada, N., Forsberg, B.R., Pimentel, T.P. and Luz, S.L.B., 2012. A macroinvertebrate multimetric index to evaluate the biological condition of streams in the Central Amazon region of Brazil.Ecological Indicators,18, pp.118-125.Rudel, T.A. and Horowitz, B., 2013.Tropical deforestation: Small farmers and land clearing in Ecuadorian Amazon. Columbia University Press. Egelston, A. (2013).Sustainable development. Dordrecht: Springer. Fao.org. (2016).Land use. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0440e/i0440e03.htm [Accessed 17 Jun. 2016]. Gond, J. and Moon, J. (2012).Corporate social responsibility. London: Routledge. Green, J. and Thorogood, N., 2013.Qualitative methods for health research. Sage. Gupta-Bhowon, M. (2012).Chemistry for sustainable development. Dordrecht: Springer. Harpur, P., 2012. Embracing the new disability rights paradigm: the importance of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.Disability Society,27(1), pp.1-14. Heartoftheamazon.org. (2016).Save the heart of the Amazon. [online] Available at: https://heartoftheamazon.org/?utm_source=internalutm_medium=postutm_term=tapajos%2Cheart%20of%20the%20amazonutm_campaign=Forests__surl__=IgN5o__ots__=1466161821335__step__=1 [Accessed 17 Jun. 2016]. Idowu, S. (2012).Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. [S.l.]: Springer. Jantz, P., Goetz, S. and Laporte, N., 2014. Carbon stock corridors to mitigate climate change and promote biodiversity in the tropics.Nature Climate Change,4(2), pp.138-142. Junk, W.J. ed., 2013.The central Amazon floodplain: ecology of a pulsing system(Vol. 126). Springer Science Business Media. Krook, M.L. and True, J., 2012. Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality.European Journal of International Relations,18(1), pp.103-127. Krueger, R.A. and Casey, M.A., 2014.Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications. Lee, G. (2012).Advances in computational environment science. Berlin: Springer. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Sage Publications. Nature.org. (2016).Protecting the Brazilian Amazon | The Nature Conservancy. [online] Available at: https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/southamerica/brazil/placesweprotect/amazon.xml [Accessed 17 Jun. 2016]. Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Stickler, C., Alencar, A., Azevedo, A., Swette, B., Bezerra, T., DiGiano, M., Shimada, J., da Motta, R.S. and Armijo, E., 2014. Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains.Science,344(6188), pp.1118-1123. Prado-Lorenzo, J. and Garci a Sa nchez, I. (2013).Sustainable development. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Raven, P., Berg, L. and Hassenzahl, D. (2012).Environment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Razavi, S., 2012. World development report 2012: Gender equality and developmentA commentary.Development and Change,43(1), pp.423-437. Roorda, N. (2012).Fundamentals of sustainable development. New York, NY: Earthscan. Schmidt, F.L. and Hunter, J.E., 2014.Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage publications. Sky Rainforest Rescue. (2016).Threats to the Amazon - Sky Rainforest Rescue. [online] Available at: https://rainforestrescue.sky.com/amazon-rainforest/threats-amazon [Accessed 17 Jun. 2016]. Sobala, M. (2014).Contemporary views on social participation in the context of sustainable developement of rural landscapes =. Waking Times. (2015).The 6 Biggest Threats to the Amazon Rainforest. [online] Available at: https://www.wakingtimes.com/2015/07/10/the-6-biggest-threats-to-the-amazon-rainforest/ [Accessed 17 Jun. 2016]. Yin, R.K., 2013.Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.

Approach In Treating Schizophrenia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Approach In Treating Schizophrenia. Answer: Strength based approach in treating schizophrenia Deficit based practice have long been used for helping out the professionals for addressing the needs and the problems of gifted children. While addressing the mental health problems, a strong belief that prevails it that once the presenting problem is identified, an expert can be found and he can then fix out a prescription to cure the condition (Kapp et al., 2013). It has to be kept in mind that deficit based approaches can create dependency on outside solutions. One of the foremost problem with deficit based approach is that the interventions comes often too late superseding after the problem is already present rather than intervening to prevent the problem. Research has suggested that deficit based programs mainly focus on what the youth and the children are doing wrong and are found to be unsuccessful unlike the programs that mainly focus on the strengths of the young generation (Kapp et al., 2013). An example to this can be given such as; the zero tolerance policy towards schoo l bullying can result in increased level of suspensions without the knowledge of how the behaviors can be changed. It basically do not stop the problems of bullying, who typically spends more unnoticed and unsupervised time in the community or home. Strength based approach on the other hand moves the subject away from the weaknesses of the people and focus on strengths of the client (Amaresha Venkatasubramanian, 2012). The case study reveals the fact that the individual had been recently diagnosed with schizophrenia, which was previously believed to be the signs of autism and hence the treatment was mainly based on behavioral treatment depending upon the situation. On this context it can be said that when a health care provider portrays a gloomy picture of people having mental illness, the clients also perceives themselves negatively. According to the researchers 24 % of the people suffering from schezophrenia have scored less in self regard on the basis of Rosenberg self esteem scale (RSES) (Zargham-Boroujeni et al., 2015). In this case a positive psychotherapy can be used which will be able to focus more on the internal strengths and less on weakness, shortcomings and failures. This can help to set up a positive mindset in the patient in the scenario that will help to find own strength, improve the resilience and achieve a positive worldview. Strength based therapy can include talk therapy which can guide the patient in retelling the history of the stressors, trauma and emphasize on pain having more emphasis on the strength and survival than that of weakness (Xie, 2013). Strength based therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, personal therapy, compliance therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy; supportive psychotherapy can be used to treat the behavioral symptoms related to Schizophrenia (Xie, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy has shown significant improvements in depression, negative symptoms and social functioning. CBT is again not suited for the patients who are cute sufferers. Personal therapy can be suitable to individuals who have been discharged from clinical settings. Supportive therapy can be used to counsel the patient while dealing with life issues by dealing their problems with general assistance, clarifications and reassurance (Chien et al., 2013). A paradigm shift from deficit based to strength based will help to increase the level of functioning in the patient. The quality of life will improve and the symptoms will decrease. It will bring about a change in the self image of the client (Zargham-Boroujeni et al., 2015). Highe r level of resiliency would cater to the mental well being of the patient. The primary principles of strength based approach is to utilize the strength already possessed by the patient, secondly the client has to be motivated to focus on the strengths (Rashid, 2015). Finally, the environment from where the client will derive resources to strengthen his or skills should be conducing enough. The family and the communities can help to identify the informal support system that can be provided to such patients. Meetings, social intervention gatherings and educational sessions can help the patient to share his stories with one other as well as the practitioners (Chien et al., 2013). It is essential to develop the therapeutic relationship between the consumer and the practitioner. According to researchers hardiness can be correlated negatively to mental disorders. They have also indicated the relation between the hope of recovery, strength, productive and a satisfying life style (Zargham-B oroujeni et al., 2015). It can be said that treatment of schizophrenia cannot be treated with one psychotherapy as no single method can address all the problems. A combination of cognitive remediation, illness education and social skills training along with medications can serve as the best treatment. Emotional support in handling with a disabling illness, enhancing the coping strategies for promoting functional recovery and alteration of the underneath pathophysiology are the main elements of the future psychotherapy interventions for schizophrenia. References Amaresha, A. C., Venkatasubramanian, G. (2012). Expressed emotion in schizophrenia: an overview. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 34(1), 12. Chien, W. T., Leung, S. F., Yeung, F. K., Wong, W. K. (2013). Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, part II: psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 14631481. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263 Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental psychology, 49(1), 59. Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. Xie, H. (2013). Strengths-Based Approach for Mental Health Recovery. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 510. Zargham-Boroujeni, A., Maghsoudi, J., Oreyzi, H. R. (2015). Focusing on psychiatric patients strengths: A new vision on mental health care in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(3), 340346.

Home School Essays - Freedom Of Religion In The United States

Home School Before the beginning of American public schools in the mid-19th century, home schooling was the norm. Founding father John Adams encouraged his spouse to educate their children while he was on diplomatic missions (Clark, 1994). By the 1840's instruction books for the home were becoming popular in the United States and Britain. The difficulty of traveling to the system of community schools was provoking detractors. At this time, most of the country began moving toward public schools (Clark, 1994). One of the first things early pioneers did was set aside a plot of land to build a school house and try to recruit the most educated resident to be the schoolmarm. This led to recruiting of graduates Eastern Seaboard colleges to further the education oftheir children beyond what they could do at home (Clark, 1994). As the popularity of the public school movement began to rise behind Horace Mann many states soon passed compulsory-education laws. These were designed primarily to prevent farmers, miners, and other parents form keeping their kids home to work (Clark, 1994). Ironically another factor behind public schools was the desire to use them to spread Christian morality, with its concern for the larger good over individualism (Clark, 1994). Massachusetts enacted the first such laws in 1852 requiring children ages 8-14 to be at school at least 12 weeks a year unless they were too poor. The laws proved to be effective, from 1870-1898 the number of children enrolling in the public schools outpaced the population growth. Except for certain religious sects and correspondence schools home schooling remained limited for most of the 20th century. During the 1960's the hippie counterculture exploded into the scene. This culture led a revolt against the education establishment. Thousands of young Americans began dropping out of society and going back to the land to live on communes that generated the modern home schooling movement. Twenty years ago, many states did not allow home schooling. Constitutional protection has always been uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on home schooling. Although in 1972, in Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Court did restrict compulsory school requirements in a limited ruling involving the right of Amish students not to attend high school (Lines, 1996). In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Amish parents claimed that high school attendance was destructive to their children's religious beliefs and would interfere with their pursuit of the Amish way of life (Fisher, Schimmel, and Kelley, 1995). Since this ruling there have been many court cases dealing with the issue of home schooling. All 50 states allow home schooling ad 34 states have enacted specific home schooling statutes or regulations (Clark, 1994). What drives many home-schoolers are the well-documented social troubles and the declining test scores in the public schools. In 1991, the total number of children being home schooled was between 248,500 and 353,500. Many public educators feel that children who are home schooled are missing out on key learning situations that come from the public school. For instance the sciene experiments, these would be very costly to duplicate at home. Also they argue that home school children miss out on the social aspect of school. Very often they are not around many children their age and socialization does not take place. As the home schooling movement has become more widespread, state and local officials have responded with more vigorous enforcement of their compulsory education laws. As a result of this there is more litigation and new regulations. As both parents and school official's evidence increasing inflexibility, the statues play a central role in the battle over the education of the child. A secondary role is played by the courts which, in resolving the disputes between parents and the schools, must interpret and test the statutes (Chiusano 1996). Parents who are being prosecuted for instructing their children at home are attacking compulsory school attendance statues on constitutional grounds. Although no case dealing specifically with home instruction has yet reached the Supreme Court, the increased activism of the home school movement may produce a ruling in the near future (Lines, 1996). Constitutional challenges have been based on the First or Fourteenth Amendment. In many of the home instruction cases' parents have removed their children from school

Planning process in organization

Planning process in organization Introduction The business environment comprises of complex factors that require scrutiny before a decision is made concerning the environment. An organization must have a clear planning process in order to enhance its decision making. A clear planning process involves having an understanding of interrelated questions within a corporation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Planning process in organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early organizational planning comprises of strategy drawing, where possible environmental occurrences are considered and an appropriate course of action is determined. Strategic planning seeks to maximize on the return of resources. There is need to constantly devise a tactical approach through which objectives can be achieved since resources are limited and competition is high. Several theories enhance the decision making process in organizations. The success or failure of decision ma king either directly affects an organization through improved performance or worsens the overall performance. Decisions require constant evaluation to enable an accurate and consistent appraisal. It helps in revealing existing gaps and determining their solutions to the benefit of the organization. The business environment is continuously changing, thus keeping a close check through constant evaluation and re-evaluation provides the opportunity to identify gaps well in advance. An evaluation of decisions over time equally helps in identifying alternatives that enhance the organization’s ability to cushion against performance risks. The Decision Making Process With the advent of globalization, market integration has been created through internationalization. Organizations, therefore, compete with each other for resources and market across the globe. Market consolidation and optimization must be achieved for organizations to succeed in such operation environments. Strategic fle xibility must be created such that the organization can instantly change its course of action to suit an equally complex and fast changing business environment. This is not an easy task because nobody fully understands what the external business environment will look like in the immediate future. Thus, although strategies may be formulated with the purpose of countering external environment changes, they may end up failing to capture the actual requirement needed to attain goals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To build strategic flexibility, a long-term commitment is needed towards developing, as well as nurturing important critical resources. I will struggle to create a learning organization that offers room for development of great skill in creating, acquiring, as well as transferring knowledge. Behavior modification within the organization must be achieved in order to replicate insights and knowledge about its operations and environment. Particular problems afflicting an organization will remain to be of great concern as a way of integrating the learning process successfully. I will carry out experiments with new approaches with a view of improving the current approach, reflect on history and past experiences in order to learn from them, and be able to quickly transfer knowledge throughout the organization in an easy manner. Strategic management My strategic management will involve four important elements that include environmental scanning, strategy formulation, evaluation and control, and strategy implementation. My strategic decisions will focus on the future of the organization, beginning with evaluation of the current performance results, review of the corporate governance, and inspection and review of the external environment. Equally, an internal evaluation and review of the corporate environment are critical before carrying out a n analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the organization. After exhausting the above activities, I will generate alternative strategies before evaluating each one of them to come up with the best alternative. This precedes the implementation phase, which is finally followed by the evaluation process. Strategic audit involves a systematic analysis of areas that encounter issues, including a question checklist comprising of the numerous functions and activities of the organization. Management and the Decision Process My decision making mandate will include executing four major functions. Other than leading the organization, I will lay out plans that will steer the firm ahead. My role will also aim at controlling the firm, as well as playing the role of organizing. I will continuously undertake the decision making process, where I will evaluate alternatives in order to achieve the set objective. The existing expectations concerning a given co urse of action will push my decision making into settling for the course of action that would most likely lead to goal attainment.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Planning process in organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I realize that as a manager, I will be operating in a highly uncertain environment that includes fluctuation in currency exchange, change in the political platform, and competitive actions, among many other aspects (De Bruijn, Heuvelhof Veld, 2010). The focus of my decision making will be on goal achievement, where I will mainly concentrate on challenges that have numerous alternatives. This will be by selecting an alternative course of action from among various alternatives (De Bruijn, Heuvelhof Veld, 2010). While doing this, I will pay attention to five important contexts, including the situation and location, the rationale, the methodology, as well as the type of decision and the parti cipants. Purpose of Decisions As a manager, I realize the fact that my role entails a rational activity that arrives at particular decisions depending on the surrounding circumstances. Past situations and experience are significant factors that shape decisions, and it is important for me to base decisions on such factors. Decisions also work towards aligning personal with professional goals to enhance organizational performance. I have to work hard to achieve this harmony because failure will imply the existence of a clash of interests. Decision making Approaches My decision making approach may borrow from two existing approaches. They include the normative, rational, or classical model, and the descriptive, bounded rational, organizational model (Flynn Currie, 2012). Following the normative approach, I will first recognize the problem, set up the objectives, and finally determine the available options. In doing this, I will evaluate the available options, select a particular optio n, and execute its implementation according to the intended objectives. After implementation, I must monitor and observe the implemented strategy closely. The cycle is a continuous one as it returns to the problem recognition stage because of the continuous nature of problems and challenges that are contained in the business environment. The figure below illustrates the working modality of a normative model. Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: (Flynn Currie, 2012), I will also use my cognitive talent to explore on the ability and capacity of bounded rationality. In particular, I will analyze the situation at hand before offering solutions to the problem. This will, however, require that I utilize all the available information to make quality decisions. There has to be adequate information available to make this a possibility. Both my rationality and that of the organization will be critical in achieving appropriate decisions using the bounded rationality model. Thus, the most challenging area for me will be balancing of my own rationality to ensure that the decisions I make reflect the objectives of the organization. Structure of Decisions As a human being, I realize the fact that the decision making process involves the brain, cognitive categorization, and assimilation or data integration. As a fact, the decisions that I will offer will likely be affected by factors such as emotions, intuition, stereotyping, and halo effect. However, I will always rely on critical thinking, which is an intellectual process and approach through which situations and ideas are evaluated. This will help me to counter the challenge and pressure of being personal in my thinking. I am equally aware of existing errors that may limit my critical thinking, including making quick decisions, lack of confidence in as far as decision making ability is concerned, and lack of desire and ability to think critically. Status quo stands in the way of thinking. It is the same case with anchoring, as well as framing. I have to devise ways of putting these issues into check. Ethics in Decision Making My obligation in decision making entails incorporating moral principles in the decisions they make. This will enhance benefit maximization for the prosperity of the organization (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2011). In particular, it implies that I have to be honest, trustworthy, and full of integrity when dealing with others, being attentive to all the stakeholders, building the community, and having respect for individuals. I can determine whether an act is ethical by establishing whether it is right in the first place, whether it achieves fairness, and whether it hurts others. Determining whether my own child would comfortably do the same thing, or if I would still be comfortable in case details of my decisions were made public are some of the best evaluations for ethics. Being unethical will affect my organization in several ways, including leading to bankruptcy, redundancies, loss of loyalty, and disillusionment of young talent (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2011). Theory Application on Improvement of Decision While applying theory, I will always remember the four major classifications that include virtue ethics, ethical learning and growth, deontological ethics, and teleological ethics. I will have to build principles or beliefs that disregard consequences. This will include building personal qualities tha t act as means to an end rather than ends to themselves. By considering virtue with great regard, I will often strive to do right things for the society and get the right balance between self and society’s qualities or interests. Deontological ethics If I can carry out an action as a duty, this will make it morally right. To achieve this, my main emphasis will be on duties, which refer to the actions that need to be undertaken or shunned regardless of consequences (MacKinnon, 2013). My morality is evaluated on the basis of whether the performance of the action can be done by everyone minus the occurrence of any contradiction, or whether the action considers everyone as equal entities who deserve respect other than considering respect only as a means (MacKinnon, 2013). The action rule is also subjected to scrutiny as to whether it can be accepted by rationality, both on the receiving and the giving end. Teleological or utilitarianism People will measure the good or bad in my a ctions basing on the outcomes of my acts. In this regard, more emphasis is placed on the end rather than the means to be used. There shall always be two sides in any argument that I will involve myself in. I will only develop knowledge through social dialogue and interaction with others (Graham, 2011). However, all the discourse I engage in will have to be formal in order to achieve validity. I have to maintain sincerity and truth about the content justice involved and the procedural justice. Sometimes I will be expected to rely on outcomes of an action in order to judge the action itself. Depending on the people involved in the process, I will sometimes be expected to explore how much pleasure is generated from an act because happiness or pleasure concerns the good often sought after. I also note the fact that according to Maximalism, right deeds lead to greatest good. The right deeds lead to the least undesirable result possible. This can only be achieved if I hold all individuals as equal, and when I determine the fact that they are all affected by consequences of an action or result (Graham, 2011). Ethical learning and growth There has to be change and development in my understanding for me to learn. Thus, it is not possible to achieve an ethical organization by decree. Measurement of the ethical performance is achieved through policies, ends, or outcomes. My ethical contribution will often be made in a group, while my own individual interest is what constitutes the Basic Good. Finally, covey hinges on the principle that it is always important to begin something while considering its end. Achieving public good would, thus, imply achieving a positive aspect that is considered as non-rival and non-excludable (MacKinnon, 2013). Conclusion As an organizational decision maker, the environment of operation is challenging and ever changing. The dynamic environment for business currently offers a lot of challenges to the attainment of the intended objectives. This complex environment includes political changes, economic situations, competition forces, and socio-cultural aspects. These are practical environmental factors that have a lot of potential in affecting a business positively or negatively. As a leader, I will deal with these challenges by formulating strategic plans that seek to apportion the limited resources effectively. My strategies are formulated out of decisions made in order to counter the challenges brought about by the complex business environment. Part of my decision making involves particular processes and steps, including reviewing the experiences encountered in the past and formulating alternative solutions before settling on the best suitable option. I will have to incorporate ethics in order to resonate well with the goals and objectives of the organization. This refers to the moral principles that also consider other people’s welfare within the decisions arrived at. I must consider the community and the shareho lders in my decisions in order to enhance the organization’s overall performance. I will focus on the four classifications of ethical decision making, which include deontology, ethical learning and growth, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. As a deontologist, I will anchor my decision making on the principles of justice, fairness and rights. I will also give discourse a chance. I will need to build my arguments of ethics on ethical egoism and communitarianism in order to achieve ethical learning and growth. References De Bruijn, H., Heuvelhof, E., Veld, R. (2010). Process management: Why project management fails in complex decision making processes, 2nd Ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2011). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Flynn, J., Currie, D. (2012). Management decision-making in context, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Graham, G. (2011). Theories of ethics: an intro duction to moral philosophy with a selection of classic readings. New York, NY: Routledge MacKinnon, B. (2013). Ethics: Theory contemporary issues Concise edition, 2nd ed.: Theory and contemporary issues. Boston, MA: Wadsworth

Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Graduation Speech - Essay Example It has been fun attending most of the activities while some have been challenging. I, in particular, cannot forget how I have struggled with my science subjects. At first, they were hard to comprehend but all that is now behind me. High school life have taught me lessons that I will forever remain indebted. Being patient, hardworking, and putting God first in everything I do has seen me endure the long journey. I have severally found myself on the wrong path with teachers for poor performance and unfinished assignments. I acknowledge all actions you took and believe that all were meant to mold me to be a responsible person. To the students I leave behind, I urge you to work hard in your studies and you will also graduate in the years to come. Respect your teachers and do all they ask you. Remember your parents are sacrificing their resources to have you in school. Please do your best to avoid embarrassing them. I believe St. Gabriel High School students have the potential to succeed in everything. I indeed wish you

Technological and Economic Factors Affecting Business Environment Essay

Technological and Economic Factors Affecting Business Environment - Essay Example This paper will investigate the changing business environment of the travel industry over the last five years. It will further examine the technological and economic factors that affect the airline industry in UK. Technological Factor The first business in travel and tourism to embrace technological innovation is the airlines industry (Buhalis, 2004, p.1). Dale, et al. (2006, p.4) indicated in his book the early technology adopted by the air travel. Viewdata system was the first technology that connects â€Å"tour operators and travel agencies via terminals.† It grants travel agents to book flights based on the preferences of their customers. In the 1950s, they develop the Computer Reservation System (CRS) to make direct bookings via the system. With the development of Global Distribution System (GDS), travel agents across the globe can access the available flight and seats for travellers. The timeline of technological innovation of the airline industry shows of their early im provements. Therefore, by the year 2005, the airline industry has developed its own booking system to gain competitive advantage. Capoccitti, et al. (2010) indicate the operations improvement of the airline industry by using technology in managing the CO2 emission. The concern of stakeholders, which affects UK travellers, is on reducing the gases that harm the earth’s atmosphere. ... Currently, the travellers can utilise their mobile phone to check-in via the internet, which adds customers’ experience (Boyle, 2011). Hence, innovation and technological advancement are critical to the viability of the airline industry in the new global business environment. Impact of Technology The development of technology increases the competition among the airlines industry because it changes the processing method, the information dissemination, and communication process. With the evolution of technology, the business environment is rapidly changing, which tightens competition. According to Khosrowpour (2003, p.237), airline companies compete with travel agents to obtain a high market share because they refer other airline companies with available flight to customers. Furthermore, Doganis (2006, p.197) states that information technology aids companies in their distribution system and revenue management. The effective forecasting method of most companies is due to the impr ovement of technology, which allows them to predict sales based on the available seats. Hence, it stimulates other companies to adopt technology because it benefits both customers and companies. Moreover, the demand of customers changes. They want fast and accessible service, which motivates companies to improve services. Aside from accessibility, technology is essential for companies that cut cost or expenses. Economic Factor According to the Civil Aviation Authority (2008, pp.1-6), the decline of the traffic growth in UK commenced in the year 2005. This was affected by the 2001 bombings in the United States that instilled fear for most travellers. The security was stabilised to guarantee the safety of leisure and business travellers. Furthermore,

Target plc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Target plc - Assignment Example The study provides the details financial analysis of the company. In the case study the financial and operational evaluation of the company in questions has been undertaken. For the purpose of operational capability of the company, its corporate strategy has been analyzed in addition to the competitive environment and other risks to which it is being exposed. Target Plc is not a new name in the retail, food and ingredients industry and is considered analogous to quality and premium branding. The company is a diversified conglomerate having five major strategic segments which are sugar, agriculture, retail, grocery and ingredients. As per the latest financial statements of the company for the annual year 2012, the company is operating in almost all of the major cities of the United States. The vision and mission statement of the company is to achieve strong leadership in the course of business which is sustainable and long lasting. The company always strives to provide quality product s to the individuals and other consumers and to become a necessary brand in the people’s day to day active life. Financial Highlight [Annual report Target, 2012 , Pg2] As apparent form the above financial highlight, the company presents a strong financial outlook and appears to be a lucrative company for the investors to invest in. The company has various revenue centers through which the company generates most of its revenues. During the financial year 2012, the highest earning revenue center for the company was heath, beauty and households which constituted about 25% of the total revenue of the company. Corporate Strategy Target Plc is now actively involved in acquiring new stores in order to capture a significant market share in the industry. Currently the company is facing tough competition in the market as new entrants are entering in the market and taking advantage of the new and improved industry state. The company current corporate strategy is to refurbish the acquire d stores and outlets so that they have fashionable, modern and attractive presented stores located in prime locations all across the region. The primary capital expenditure of the company consists of extending its stores portfolio. Competitive Analysis In order to analyze the financial outlook of a company, it is of prime importance that the cost leadership and differentiation strategies of the company are analyzed. In addition, the best method to assess the competitive advantage is through porter’s five forces model. The major competitors of Target Plc are as follows: Wal-Mart Stores Kmart Corporation Costco Wholesale Corporation Competitive Advantage Porter’s five forces model is an effective tool in exploring the competitive forces of the environment in which the organization operates. It allows the business to critically analyze its current business strategy and formulate one which can allow it to achieve a competitive position in the market. With the advancement i n Information Technology, it has been prominently observed that the businesses are now focusing more and more on implementing information system in order to make the best use of their resources. In the mentioned case, Target Corporation has several functional units carrying out activities related to the manufacturing and delivering of Sports merchandise. By integrating these units using information system, Target Corporation can gain competitive advantage in the market which can by analyzed in the light of Porter’s five forces model. The first competitive force according to the model is the entry of new competitors into the market. New entrants might be able to capture some of the market

Corporate Social Responsibility A Strategy For Inclusive Development Business Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility A Strategy For Inclusive Development Business Essay Events around the world over the last few decades have emphasized the need for corporate entities, their stakeholders, governments and international organizations to take the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility seriously. Incidents such as the explosion at the Union Carbide Bhopal, India in 1984, the oil spillage at Prince William Sound, Alaska USA in 1989, a few corporate scandals; for example the Mirror Group UK 1991, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) 1991, UK, Polly Peck 1992, UK, Enron USA 2001, World Com USA 2002, Parmal at Italy 2003 remain fresh and indelible in our minds. Issues such as rampant poverty, climate change and global warming, human rights abuses, terrorism and the globalization of the world economy also affect how corporate entities conduct their operational practices. These operational practices consequently impinge on how corporate entities perceive their responsibilities to societies; and in turn societies expectations from corporate ent ities have increased. Societies give license to businesses to operate and consequently businesses have to serve society not only by creating wealth, but also by contributing to social needs and social expectations towards society. The current state of world affairs, calls for development that is inclusive. This paper delves upon issues such as the need for inclusiveness in development, the role of business in the contemporary society and its association with inclusive development, the Governments contribution towards CSR facilitation and the promotion of CSR by the corporate sector as a strategy for Inclusive Development. Inclusive Development Many people end up being excluded from the mainstream society; the reasons may be varied like gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation disability or the deprivation of basic human rights. This exclusion has resulted in making poverty and inequality a global challenge today, affecting nearly all countries of the world. The World Bank estimates for the year 2008 indicate that approximately 3 billion people or 45% of the global population is living below the international poverty line ($1-2 a day). If inflation is taken into account global poverty is on the rise. Poverty is a vicious cycle and the poor or unfortunate are in a way trapped in this cycle.   They lack access to good nutrition, health care and decent living conditions face barriers to education, employment and public services and are thus denied a dignified human existence.    Economic growth is an important factor in reducing poverty and generating the resources necessary for human development and environmental protection. The past fifty years have seen unprecedented global economic growth. This growth evidently has failed to bring about an overall development to societies across the world. The challenges discussed so far underscore the need for Inclusive development, an  emerging concept that recognizes diversity as fundamental to sustainable socio-economic and human development, based upon the notion that every human being can and should contribute to the development process where isolated policies be replaced by integrated strategy benefiting individuals and societies as a whole.   It is only right then that economic growth and development today is revisited by all actors in the society instrumental in generating this development. In order to structure such a strategy, all projects related to  education, health promotion, environmental and social protection need to consider those trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. Development that is Inclusive reduces poverty where all groups of people contribute to creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. United Nations Development Programs human development approach complements Inclusive development as it integrates the standards and principles of human rights: participation, non-discrimination and accountability for all social and environmental concerns. Sustainability and Inclusive Development Sustainable practices encourage conserving, mitigating waste and enhancing our resource bases by gradually changing the ways in which we use natural resources available to us for industrial and personal consumption and the technologies we choose and the way we apply them. Nations strive to meet the basic requirements of their people for employment, food, energy, water and sanitation. To achieve this sustainably, there is need to balance economic, environmental and social goals so that prosperity is ensured not only for the current but future generations as well. Poverty eradication is an integral part of the goal of an environmental strategy for the world. The concepts of a shared planet, global citizenship, spaceship earth cannot be restricted to environmental issues alone. They apply equally to the shared and inter-linked responsibilities of environmental protection and human development. Restoring natural systems and improving natural resource management practices at the grassroots level are central to a strategy to eliminate poverty. It can be inferred that sustainable development is a precondition to achieving inclusive development. Role Of Business Corporate Houses have become powerful institutions on the planet in the last 50 years. Businesses have emerged stronger and more powerful when compared with Nation states. Willis Harman notes that the dominant institution in any society needs to take responsibility for the whole as the church did in the days of the Holy Roman Empire. The expectations from Business are indicating reflections of a demand for change. Business has been asked to be Inclusive and not just merit based; maximal and not just legal; to be ahead of law and not just run with it; to be consultative rather than just procedural; to meet global standards and not just local ones. In short, a large part of social responsibility is expected to be taken by corporate houses and therefore the concept Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged over time. Inclusive Development is to be shaped by various factors, such as; the functional definition of inclusive development, interventions that enhance governance and promote effective institutions, sound economic policies, and cultural and socio-economic considerations in policymaking and implementation. Inclusive development is an effective tool for overcoming social exclusion, combating poverty and ensuring social and economic sustainability, i.e. all sections of the society benefit out of such initiatives. Governance, trade, technology and financing practices determine social justice and protection of the rights of the underprivileged. It involves all actors in the society the government, businesses, public and private sector institutions, civil society or communities themselves. CSR as a strategic tool by companies with collaborative support of the above mentioned actors can and has become one of the important drivers to promote overall human development ensuring environmental protection. Such development is sustainable and leads to Inclusive Growth. CSR Models Today we have innumerable examples of Companies where Inclusive Development has been the guiding principle for Business in the long run. A few International names include Coca Cola, Starbucks, Johnson Johnson and Microsoft. In the Indian scenario we can begin with the legendry Tatas followed by Infosys, ITC, Bharti, Mahindra Mahindra, Wipro and many others. Initiatives of a few companies are covered underneath. The Tata Group Pioneers in the area of CSR in India, the TATA group has always played an active role in nation building and socio-economic development. Over the years, the Tata philosophy to Give back what you get has been followed by all their enterprises across India. Be it relief measures, rural development, health care, education, art and culture, they have been very forthcoming. As a result every year, the Tata Groups contribution to society has been phenomenal. Tatas spent Rupees 1 billion on 8 community development and social services projects during the fiscal 2001-02-the highest by any corporate house in India. ITC ITC partnered the Indian farmer for almost a century. They are now engaged in elevating this partnership to a new paradigm by leveraging information technology through its trail blazing e-Choupal initiative. Figure 1 : An ITC E- Chaupal In June 2000, ITCs Agri-Business Division conceived E-Choupal ( Figure 1) as a more efficient supply chain aimed at delivering value to its customers around the world on a sustainable basis. The model has been specifically designed to tackle the challenges posed by the unique features of Indian agriculture, characterized by fragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of numerous intermediaries, among others. E-Choupal also unshackles the potential of Indian farmer who has been trapped in a vicious cycle of low risk taking ability > low investment > low productivity > weak market orientation > low value addition > low margin > low risk taking ability. It makes the farmer and the Indian agri-business sector globally uncompetitive, despite rich abundant natural resources. Such a market-led business model can enhance the competitiveness of Indian agriculture and trigger a virtuous cycle of higher productivity, higher incomes, enlarged capacity for farmer risk management, larger investments and higher quality and productivity. Infosys Infosys, Mr. Narayan Murthy has been at the forefront to champion the role of good corporation He said we should look for public good and private good will automatically come. In March 1996 the Infosys Foundation was created in the state of Karnataka operating in the areas of health care, social rehabilitation and rural uplift, education, arts and culture. Since then, this foundation has spread to the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerela, Orrisa and Punjab. The foundation receives 1.5 % of the company after tax profits. In line with its stakeholder driven approach the allocation of funds is based on a participatory process. Since 2004, Infosys has embarked on a series of initiatives to consolidate and formalize its academic relationships worldwide under the umbrella of a program called the AcE ie Academic Entente. Through case study writing, participation in academic conferences and university events, research collaborations, hosting study trips to Infosys development centres and running the instep Global Internship program, the company communicates with important stakeholders in the academia promoting meaningful development. Starbucks Starbucks, a leading example of Environmental Sustainability has outlined a bold global environmental strategy that will help achieve a meaningful reduction in the companys environmental footprint. Starbucks has identified climate change as a key priority for the company and is in the third year of implementing its climate change strategy. The company has committed to significant renewable energy purchases for its stores and has also focused on ways to improve energy efficiency through store design. Starbucks also believes it has a role to play in consumer education and awareness, and is beginning to engage its supply chain partners on climate related issues such as renewable energy. In 2005, The Starbucks Emerging Issues Council, (a group 18 senior Starbucks executives) prioritized climate change as a key issue for the company in response to the environmental threats facing coffee growing communities. The council is also involved in determining what further measures are needed for the company to proactively and responsibly address the issue of climate change in a leadership capacity. The Starbucks three year climate change mitigation strategy includes the following steps to reduce the companys emissions: Purchasing renewable energy Focusing on energy conservation measures Educating and advocating the need for collaborative action Figure 2: A Starbucks Plantation The Starbucks three year climate change mitigation strategy includes the following steps to reduce the companys emissions: Purchasing renewable energy Focusing on energy conservation measures Educating and advocating the need for collaborative action As a responsible company, Starbucks is open and honest about the successes and challenges they face. Their Global Responsibility Reports give a clear picture of the progress theyve made in the areas of ethical sourcing, environmental stewardship and community involvement. Coca Cola Established in 1886, The CocaCola Company operates in more than 200 countries and markets nearly 500 brands. They are a global business that operates on a local scale in every community where they do business. The CocaCola system operates in the context of a broader value cycle: They work with others to source ingredients, create packaging, sell products, recover and reuse packaging materials and replenish the water used. Managing sustainability through a complex business cycle can be challenging, however collaborating closely with our business partners, communities and consumers, they seek to ensure environmental and social responsibility and are working to encourage consumers to recycle the packaging materials associated with their products. Global Sustainability select goals and targets for Coca Cola include: Active Healthy living, Energy management, Climate protection, Community, Sustainable packaging and Water stewardship. It is evident that a new paradigm for innovation is emerging: a partnership between private enterprise and public interest that produces profitable and sustainable change. Companies are moving beyond corporate social responsibility to corporate social innovation. Traditionally companies viewed the social sector as a dumping ground for spare cash, obsolete equipment and tired executives. This mindset could not create lasting change. Community needs are now viewed as opportunities to develop ideas and business technologies leading to both business and community payoffs. Government as a CSR facilitator Inclusive development requires that planning and interventions are state-led, with indispensable but ancillary engagement by the private sector and other stakeholders. CSR has not evolved separately from the public policy. Many governments have actively participated in encouraging corporations to voluntarily assume greater responsibility of the social/environmental aspects of their business policies by way of seeking to harness various market mechanisms to promote CSR. They have been promoted by various National governments, the European Union and several Inter-Governmental Organizations most notably the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is interesting to note the shift in the motivations of governments for encouraging CSR. For almost three decades now it has been associated with addressing corporate governance deficits but more recently improving corporate policies with respect to issues like social cohesion, national competitiveness and environmental stability have been emphasized. The interest of the Governments is not only to encourage CSR initiatives but also to build CSR capacity. Shift is also being witnessed from endorsing and facilitating CSR by corporate to including partnering and mandating CSR through soft legislation. In advanced capitalist countries governments are playing extensive roles in a variety of initiatives to encourage CSR. The last decade has seen developments of newer roles and relationships between Governments and corporations. The UK Government has created a ministerial portfolio of CSR; corporations have created forms of self reporting and self regulation for instance The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) ; NGOs such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Amnesty International, to name but just two have entered partnerships with corporations to help them improve environmental and social practices. There is evidence of substantial growth in the number of ethical or social mutual funds as well. In India, The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has issued CSR Voluntary Guidelines in 2009 for the Private Sector, to help encourage business entities formulate a CSR policy, guide its strategic planning and provide a roadmap for its CSR initiatives which are an integral part of the overall business policy and aligned with its business goals. The policy is expected to be framed with the participation of various level executives and approved by the Board. The Ministry of Corporate affairs has urged all companies to create a separate fund for their CSR activities in the interest of greater transparency. The recommendation is a part of Voluntary guidelines for companies especially those listed on the stock market. Core Elements of the Policy Guidelines include: Care for all Stakeholders: The companies should respect the interests of, and be responsive towards all stakeholders, shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, project affected people, society at large etc. and create value for all of them. Ethical functioning: Their governance systems should be underpinned by Ethics, Transparency and Accountability. They should not engage in business practices that are abusive, unfair, corrupt or anti-competitive. Respect for Workers Rights and Welfare: Companies should provide a workplace environment that is safe, hygienic and humane and which upholds the dignity of employees. They should provide all employees with access to training and development of necessary skills for career advancement, on an equal and non-discriminatory basis. Respect for Human Rights: Companies should respect human rights for all and avoid complicity with human rights abuses by them or by third party. Respect for Environment: Companies should take measures to check and prevent pollution; recycle, manage and reduce waste, should manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. Activities for Social and Inclusive Development: Depending upon their core competency and business interest, companies are expected to undertake activities for economic and social development of communities and geographical areas, particularly in the vicinity of their operations for disadvantaged population. The CSR policy of the business entity is also expected to provide for an Implementation strategy that includes identification of projects/activities, setting measurable physical targets with timeframe, organizational mechanism and responsibilities, time schedules and monitoring. The Implementation Guidelines: *Companies may partner with local authorities, business associations and civil society/non-government organizations. *Companies should allocate specific amount in their budgets for CSR activities. *To share experiences and network with other organizations the company should engage with well established and recognized program/platforms which encourage responsible business practices and CSR activities. *The companies should disseminate information on CSR policy, activities and progress in a structured manner to all their stakeholders and the public at large through their website, annual reports, and other communication media. In addition to the Voluntary Guidelines another Government initiative if materialized, would lead to a situation where Corporate Social Responsibility for a state-owned firm may no more be just a photo opportunity for its chairman but would involve people-centric projects to be funded by 2-5 per cent of the companys net profits. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is in the final stage of preparing guidelines for the Central Public Sector enterprises (CPSE s) to take up important CSR projects. The proposal, cleared by the Committee of Secretaries is awaiting approval by Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Ministry. It proposes a contribution of 3-5 % for enterprises with net profits of up to Rs 100 crore. Those earning net profit of more than Rs 100 crore may be asked to contribute up to two per cent of the amount. The Government has taken a very firm step and its regularization may see tangible impact on CSR initiatives undertaken by the companies. The CSR would inherit dimensions apart from traditional welfare related CSR practices like organizing blood donation camps charity events and the like. The CPSEs would be obliged to take up specific projects to help people affected directly or indirectly by their businesses. It would be the Companys primary obligation, to recycle part of their profits in order to help the society. While several CPSEs provide funds for CSR projects, it is not obligatory in nature so far. The guidelines would provide for measurement of the CSR. These obligations would be set in the Memorandum of Understanding, which sets targets for an individual CPSE. The performance evaluation of the companies would also have CSR performance as one of the parameters of overall performance of the company. The CSR Credits system that was proposed recently by the Corporate Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid is a way forward where soft legislation will gradually facilitate CSR integration into the very core of corporate strategy. Mr. Khurshid believes that charity is rewarded in tax exemptions and other benefits however CSR remains unrewarded. Reiterating the idea of making CSR quantifiable he has urged corporate to debate the possibility of establishing a CSR exchange to deal in CSR Credits. Through the CSR exchange mechanism, companies would be able to trade in CSR credits, akin to trading in carbon credits. This is to be done through certification for their CSR activities by a government body. The credits could then be traded in a CSR credit exchange. The system translates into a situation where a company yet to engage in CSR may be able to compensate it through purchasing CSR credits from company that has already earned them. This would be quite similar to carbon credits where a polluting entity has to buy carbon credits from companies that have earned them through environment-friendly activities. In addition to this another issue under consideration is the conflict of interest where a company produces consumer products that are deemed harmful to consumption and health. Shri Khurshid said If there is a business that is inherently destructive and unwholesome, a way has to be found to offset the negativity of that business. The Governments are using CSR to complement Government policies in order to promote Inclusive Development. This system reflects new forms of Governance in which Governments employ a much richer and subtler array of mechanisms to affect business behavior rather than employing enforcement. The use of policies that endorse, facilitate and partner with firms is further characteristic of a new governance paradigm which emphasizes norms, networks, incentives and volunteerism. Government participation in promoting CSR may be an anathema to the business world as it may conjure up visions of control and constraints to operate competitively in a global world but positive though incipient signs of change are visible as we trace the evolution. CSR-Business Society Interface The phrase Corporate Social Responsibility originates with H. Bowen, who wrote Social Responsibility of Businessmen in 1953. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is used to describe businesses integration of social and environmental issues into decisions, goals, and operations. Other terms used in the CSR context are: Corporate Responsibility, Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Ethical Business Practices, Social/Environmental Responsibility, Triple Bottom Line and Environmental and Social Stewardship. The basic questions at the heart of CSR are as old as business itself, such as what is business for? What contribution does it make to society? Its rise to prominence however has not been a smooth one, as the concept has been frequently discredited, written off, marginalized or simply overlooked in favor of new or supposedly better ways of conceptualizing the business and society interface. Archie Carroll has provided an interesting overview of some of the prominent CSR Definitions. Milton Friedman (1970) contends that social responsibility of the firm is to increase its profit, Keith Davis (1973) supported the view that CSR requires consideration of issues beyond the narrow economic, technical, and legal requirements of the firm. Definition concepts in the Oxford Handbook range from CSR as an obligation to respond to the externalities created by market action to CSR as a discretionary spending in furtherance of an explicit measurable social objective consistent with relevant social norms and laws and CSR as an additional political responsibility to contribute to the development and proper working of global governance. Defining CSR is therefore not just a technical exercise but also a normative one in setting out what corporates should be responsible in society or an ideological one describing how the political economy of society should be organized to restrain corporate power. CSR is still a developing field of research as also Lockett et al concluded from a decade long study of CSR literature that CSR knowledge could best be described as in a continuing state of emergence. To sum up Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can most comprehensibly be called an approach through which companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. The relative ambiguities regarding the definition and clear identity of CSR as an area of academic enquiry is also reflected in the institutional infrastructure of CSR, most notably in the Journals where CSR research is published, the societies and conferences which facilitate scholarly debate, and institutionalization of CSR as a field of academic teaching. The table below lists the Journals in the field of CSR. It can be noted that none of the CSR Journals have CSR as a title. Table 1: CSR Journals Journal Name Formation Date Editor Base Business Society (Sage) 1960 USA Business Society Review(Blackwell) 1972 USA Journal of Business Ethics ( Springer) 1982 Canada Business Ethics Quarterly(Society of Business Ethics) 1991 USA Business Ethics: A European Review ( Blackwell) 1991 UK Corporate Governance:International Journal of Business in Society(Emerald 2001 UK Journal of Corporate Citizenship (Greenleaf) 2001 UK Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 2002 China CSR Evolution: The concept of CSR has long and wide ranging history, it is mostly the product of the 20th century especially since the 1950s. It was referred more as social responsibility (SR) than CSR for many years. Patrick Murphy in the University of Michigan Business Review, 1978 states that the period before 1950s was the philanthropic era in which companies donated to charities. Between 1953 and 67 was the awareness era during which there was more recognition of the overall responsibility of business and its involvement in community affairs. The period between 1968 -73 was termed the issue era in which companies began to focus on specific issues such as urban decay, racial discrimination and pollution problems. Finally the responsiveness era 1974-2008 and continuing beyond, companies began taking serious management and organizational actions to address CSR related issues. CSR Theories: Various CSR Theories have taken shape over time the most comprehensive are compiled by Garriga and Mele (2004) mentioning precisely four theories about the responsibilities of Business in Society: Corporate Social Performance Theory, Shareholder Value Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Corporate Citizenship Theory. Corporate Social Performance Theory has its roots in Sociology. It has evolved from several previous notions and approaches. It is a configuration in the business organization of principles of social responsibility, processes of response to social requirements and policies, programs and tangible results that reflect the companys relations with society, (Wood 1991). Archie Carroll (1979) was the first to introduce the concept of Corporate Social Performance. He made a synthesis of the basic principle of social responsibility. Carroll suggested that the entire range of obligations that business has to society must embody economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (philanthropic) categories. In 1991, Carroll first included them in a Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility, as shown in Figure3. Figure 3: CSR Pyramid The four classes reflect that the history of business suggests an early emphasis on the economic and then legal aspects and a later concern for the ethical and discretionary aspects. It was suggested that, although the components are not mutually exclusive, it helps the manager to see that the different types of obligations are in a constant tension with one another. More recently, Schwartz Carroll have proposed an alternative approach on three core domains (economic, legal and ethical) and a Venn model frame work. The Venn framework yields seven categories resulting from the overlap of three core domains. Wartick Cochran extended the Carroll approach suggesting that corporate social involvement rests on principles of social responsibility, process of social responsiveness, and the policy of issues management. In recent times more and more corporations are being proactive in publishing reports on economic social and environmental performance. The Global reporting initiative has become more and more popular as have certifications or reports, such as the UN Global Compact, AA1000, SA 80000 and others . All of this introduces more complexity into the corporate social performance models but in essence, the conceptual foundations remain unalterable. Shareholder Value Theory is based on Economic Theory. It is also referred as Fiduciary Capitalism and holds that the only social responsibility of business is making profits and as a supreme goal, increasing the economic value of the company for its stakeholders. In the 1960s and 70s there was a debate between Friedman and others who defended the business enterprise as being responsible only for making as much profit as possible, in contrast scholars including David and others argued that corporations had power and power entails responsibility, therefore corporations had responsibilities beyond economic and legal. Friedmans position was clearly against that of the concept of social responsibility. Theodor Levitt, (once the editor of HBR) wrote about the dangers of corporate social responsibility. In his words Corporate welfare makes good sense if it makes good economic sense, and not infrequently it does. But if something does not make economic sense, sentiment or idealism ought not to let it in the door Since then some economists have argued that the market, instead of managers, should have control over allocation of resources