Online Gaming and Fraud in Massive Multiplayer Online...

1. Online Gaming Security and Fraud Throughout the evolution of gaming, there has been a movement of large communities to online gaming. With that high amount of traffic, these online games have become prime targets for crime to emerge from. Due to the online nature and virtual elements of this kind of community, the most common type of crime committed was theft, followed closely by fraud (Chen 2005). With the increase in online communities from online gaming, businesses have started advertising both to these markets and through them. This has opened up not only the online communities to the threat of fraud, but also those businesses and their competitors. This paper will focus primarily on the Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) community, and the ways that fraud is committed in that type of gaming. 2.1 Fraud in MMORPGs Fraud has been influencing MMORPGs and online gaming for years. The world of online has moved from being a software license industry to an uplink time payment model due to illegal sharing and software copying (Chen 2005). With the move to subscription based gameplay, in game items now have a monetary value due to the growth of economies that trade the virtual game money or items for real world currency (Chen 2005). Throughout the MMORPGs there has been a trend of criminals targeting the users of these online games for purposes of theft and fraud, especially when it comes to the in game currencies and identities. According to a study

Dillards and Citigroup Two Companies that Need Innovation

Dillards and Citigroup: Two Companies that Need Innovation INTRODUCTION The goal of marketing is â€Å"to determine the needs of the market and to assure that the products manufactured by the company correspond precisely to these needs with a competitive advantage and at a profit† (Viardot, p. xvii). In business, proper marketing strategies can mean the difference between success and failure, both of individual marketing campaigns and the company as a whole. In this age of new media and information overload, companies have to struggle to keep up. While many large companies are using these innovations to good use, there are some corporations that are decidedly lacking in these innovations. What’s more, the extent of the appeal or effectiveness of physical media and billboards is still up for debate for retail and financial companies. Dillard’s and Citigroup are two of these companies undergoing substantial change in this new marketing world; in this paper, these corporations will be explored in terms of their environmental factors an d current media strategies. Recommendations of ways to improve their image and their promotional strategies will be offered, and the two companies will be compared and contrasted. DILLARD’S Dillard’s is a major retail department store chain located in America, carrying more than 300 stores in nearly 30 states. They specialize in upscale clothing, jewelry, perfumes, housewares and more, and carry numerous high-brand names. Dillard’s was founded in 1928 by William T. Dillard in Nashville, Arkansas, and it has remained a mainly family operation since that point. The chief target demographic of Dillard’s is consumers in the upper and middle class, and so it tailors its marketing strategies to incorporate these consumer groups, who have the disposable income and interest to invest in high-priced, upscale private label clothing and cosmetics. A vast majority of Dillard’s stores are located as department store branches of shopping malls, though a select few independent stores have opened up in the past few years. Environmental scan POLITICAL – Due to Dillard’s strict domestic market, it does not engage in international trade, which makes export taxes inconsequential. However, high import taxes of outsourced clothing and merchandise are still a factor. ECONOMIC – The slow economic growth of the past few years has made consumers more reticent to invest in luxury products, including a great deal of the fine clothes and upscale housewares that Dillard’s provides. The location of Dillard’s primarily in malls diminishes its visibility as an independent brand, making its customer base purchase clothes from them because they are there, not because of the specific appeal of that company. SOCIAL – Dillard’s’ chief marketing demographic is to upper-middle class households, particularly adult women; much of the consumer base of the United States consists of younger, affluent teenagers and college-age students, which is not the target audience for Dillard’s, and remains an untapped market for such a large, prevalent department store chain. TECHNOLOGICAL – Dillard’s currently carries a significantly advanced online store, which they are using to provide a substantial portion of their business. As online technology and social media increases as a method of purchase, department store chains such as Dillard’s have a higher level of freedom regarding how to sell their products. Automation and outsourcing of clothes creation to independent brands makes production costs lower, as they are merely a retailer of brands created by those specific companies. ENVIRONMENTAL – Environmental situations must be taken into account when creating and distributing clothing products, in order to ensure that animal and worker cruelty regulations are upheld. Department store chains like Dillard’s must take care to not break environmental laws by spending the money on brands and products that are environmentally friendly in order to maintain customer trust and respect. LEGAL – Retail and department stores carry a risk of providing defective products, which leads to more stringent quality assurance practices needing to be implemented. The execution of these practices, as well as the cost of recalls, can cut severely into profitability. Continuing to behave in an ethical manner, as Dillard’s has so far, will lessen the likelihood of breach of antitrust and employment laws, and as such the risks for litigation and legal action are minimal. SWOT analysis STRENGTHS – Strengths of Dillard’s include their competitive pricing, which is typically much lower than other upscale department stores. This makes the cost advantage to shopping at Dillard’s quite high, and is a major factor in its success as a department store chain. WEAKNESSES – The primary weakness of Dillard’s is their limited target market, which extends to little over half the states in America, with little to no international exposure. Their merchandise is not particularly diverse, extending primarily to fine clothes and housewares, as well as perfumes and sundries. OPPORTUNITIES – Dillard’s has the ability to acquire other smaller companies and brands, in order to expand their product line and scope of influence. Dillard’s has yet to delve into the international market, providing an unparalleled opportunity to provide products on a global scale, rather than merely domestically. The youth market also has an incredible amount of disposable income to benefit from if Dillard’s were to expand into trendier, more affordable clothing. THREATS – Threats include competitors from other major department store chains like JCPenney’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, et al., who also carry a significant market presence and provide the same kinds of merchandise at similar prices. The economic downturn of recent years has made people less likely to buy luxury products, which comprise much of Dillard’s product line. External changes in taxation, and business politics also have the ability to threaten any plans for expansion of product line or pricing changes. Choice of media The primary means of advertisement for Dillard’s is through local advertisement in magazines, billboards, and television commercials. They do not maintain a significant national marketing presence, instead focusing their efforts on suburbs throughout the Midwest and South, with a lighter emphasis on the West and East Coasts. Much of its online promotion is through its website, Dillards.com. Its primary locations being in malls, a lot of the target customers for Dillard’s are people who are not specifically looking for Dillard’s as a destination, but for clothing in general. Their brand has also expanded through an expansion to include a yoga-based active wear company, Tranquility, providing a slightly expanded and specialized customer base (Plunkett, 2008). Location is a large factor in Dillard’s marketing strategies – as it chooses its locations in suburban malls primarily, it attempts to find markets that are missing substantial upscale clothing and cosmetics, and moves in, beginning a large physical marketing campaign through mailers and newspapers (â€Å"History of Dillard’s, 2011). Its mall expansion remains aggressive, attempting to siphon off existing business and location as a shopping center, requiring less knowledge of where a specific Dillard’s location is. All one has to know in order to shop at a Dillard’s is where the nearest mall is, making their locations much more centralized and open to random foot traffic. It also makes it more likely for those consumers who are not strictly shopping at Dillard’s to stop there, which is the primary appeal of a shopping center in the first place. In terms of social media, Dillard’s also takes advantage of services such as Facebook and Twitter, with pages and feeds for each of them. In these, they provide unique deals and offer a sounding board for customers to field complaints or provide endorsements to their business. Providing a direct link from their website to their Facebook feed, with a button that says â€Å"Join the Conversation† allows the customer to feel like a part of the company, which is an effective method of gaining consumer trust and investment in Dillard’s products. At this time, however, Dillard’s Facebook and Twitter presence is somewhat limited, with a small number of followers of both compared to their total consumer base. Understanding the upscale audience that Dillard’s primarily invests in, there are several incentives used to market to specific demographics. Dillard’s specializes in providing a location for wedding registries, streamlining the process so that people can give wedding gifts to those who set up a registry at the company. This provides a simplified, streamlined way to get business from married couples and those who will attend their weddings, as their products will be funneled through the company and a select few other stores. There is also, like many department stores, store credit cards that can be issued in order to purchase products that cannot be afforded by consumers at the time – this can increase the number of sales the company gets in a visit. Dillard’s still produces catalogs, which it sends out to recurring customers in order to show them their product line. This is meant to show them a more comprehensive look at new products, as well as emphasi ze markdowns they provide on existing products. The online presence, as well as its physical media efforts, are also substantially well-used avenues for coupons and other discounts. Dillard’s places a huge emphasis on markdowns, providing a real or perceived discount on many products in their line. This creates the perception of private labels being taken down in price to appeal to the normal customer, a tactic that permits lower-middle class consumers to purchase from Dillard’s as well. In addition to that, it captures those in the upper-middle class market who still want to maintain that look, but feel they can do so at a more affordable price. Compared to Macy’s and JCPenney’s, Dillard’s prices are somewhat more competitive (â€Å"History of Dillard’s†, 2011), making the discount culture it participates in somewhat more legitimate. Dillard’s is taking small steps to revamp its marketing strategy to de-emphasize physical media and attempt to bring their business more and more online. In 2004, they opted to begin phasing out the extent to which it took out ads in newspapers for the markets it had stores in – it was a difficult transition, as Dillard’s had been the largest advertiser in newspapers for its relevant markets, representing a dramatic shift in priority towards digital media (Arkansas Business, 2004). While they still remain a presence in these newspapers and mailers, it is reduced by nearly $20 million in ad costs, opting for inserts in newspapers in lieu of run of press (ROP) ads, which can get lost in the shuffle. Recommendations Dillard’s continues to experience rapid expansion, adding more and more stores outside of shopping malls, making it necessary to increase its public image. A greater social media presence, and a slight marketing change towards a younger demographic, will help increase its image visibility in teenagers and college aged individuals, many of whom are not aware of Dillard’s due to its typical appeal to older consumers. Due to Dillard’s already substantial discount culture, it would be easy to translate that to a younger, more budget-conscious audience, especially through the use of more innovative marketing media. One way in which to grab their younger audience and gain more mileage out of their marketing efforts is to work harder on their social media platform. Currently, mobile phones are becoming more and more of an ongoing presence in consumer’s lives, with applications provided by many companies in order to provide continual access to their products and services. If Dillard’s were to provide a mobile app that allowed customers access to their products, new promotions, or mobile-specific coupons, that would provide an added incentive to shop at Dillard’s. What’s more, the amount of money spent on catalogs could be saved by cutting out that practice and allocating it toward more fervent social media marketing and mobile applications, both of which will not be thrown away, and can be constantly updated. Gaining a higher number of followers on Twitter and Facebook would go a long way towards providing a persistent presence in consumer’s social media lives – this can be performed by sponsoring third party applications that other people want to purchase, which can enhance visibility. Also, providing a higher number of promotions and social media-only coupon codes will offer a financial incentive to shop at Dillard’s – these can be administered through the company’s Facebook fan page and Twitter feed. Revamping the website to provide more of a persistent connection to these social media platforms would create greater interconnectivity between the entirety of the consumer experience, and invest them further in the company itself. CITIGROUP Citigroup is a large financial services company that operates worldwide, providing banking and credit card services in 140 countries. At one point, it was the largest company and bank in the world, factoring in total assets; after the economic downturn of 2008, it became the 24th biggest company in terms of assets, after receiving an economic bailout from the US government. Citigroup, as it stands now, is the product of a merger of banking company Citicorp and the financial group Travelers Group, forming Citigroup in 1998. It is a global service exporter, meaning that it provides international support for finances on a worldwide scale, gaining a substantial profit from them, as well as a large global image as a provider of financial services (Boone and Kurtz, p. 207). Environmental scan POLITICAL – The political structure of the United States is quite favorable to corporations; Citigroup was recently given a government bailout as a result of the economic downturn of 2008, which allowed the company to avoid insolvency. In terms of appealing to customers, the majority of Americans possess a mild to moderate skepticism of large corporations and its activities; in the case of Citigroup, the corporate scandals of the early 2000s prompted distrust of Citigroup, being a key banker in Enron, who then paid out a settlement for the Enron case. ECONOMIC – The current economic state of the country is relatively dire, but slowly improving; economic growth is slow, but interest rates are high, meaning that banking and investment companies such as Citigroup can gain substantial interest on loans that it provides to its customers. However, they also negatively affect the cost of capital, making expansion difficult. SOCIAL – The social environment of the United States is capitalistic and consumerist, making a spending environment somewhat favorable, despite the economic downturn. As a result, loans and banking will continue to be in high demand for many years to come. However, there is also a growing sense of social and fiscal responsibility, leading to a relative backlash against large corporations, especially banks and loan companies; this can lead to a negative public image against companies such as Citigroup. TECHNOLOGICAL – Technological advancements have made electronic banking and credit card monitoring extremely easy; this makes it more convenient than before for consumers to operate their bank accounts. Increasing use of the Internet and electronic banking is making physical locations increasingly obsolete. ENVIRONMENTAL – Companies such as banks and lending agencies often have a minimal impact on adversely affecting the environment, given their focus on strict capital and not the selling of products. Citigroup has remained a leader in sustainability for several years, using environmentally viable paper sources and consumer recycled paper in its operation (â€Å"Sustainable Paper Initiatives,† 2011). LEGAL – United States regulations on consumer and employment law place strict regulations on companies to avoid discrimination and antitrust practices in its hiring and maintenance of employees. SWOT analysis STRENGTHS – Citi has a substantial piece of the market, as one of the Big Four companies issuing credit in the world. It is the largest credit card issuer in the world, and provides a wide variety of financial products, including retail banking, investment and commercial banking, e-commerce, and consumer finance. Its global infrastructure allows it to maintain a strong foothold in many countries, and remain stable as a company. WEAKNESSES – The subprime mortgage market holds significant sway over their profitability, as they are the ones who provide the majority of these loans. As a result, any downturn in that market can lead to substantial losses for them. The debt obligations they carry to both their consumers and the US government for their economic bailout in 2008 lead them to carry significant debt that they need to pay off. OPPORTUNITIES – Due to the large number of services that Citigroup carries, they are able to cross-sell significantly in order to get through hard times in the financial market. Online and mobile banking are large incentives for consumers to work with them, due to the increasing use of the Internet and smartphones to do business and interact with the world; further opportunities in these markets are increasing. The acquisition and integration of the Automated Trading Desk has also provided them with many opportunities to expand and provide electronic trading of stocks (Stempel, 2007). THREATS – The liabilities inherent in lending credit cards and loans to individuals and companies are great, especially to the world’s largest issuer of these debts. If people default or foreclose on these loans, that money is lost. The weaker financial markets experienced in the past few years have made for slow economic growth, of which Citi is not immune. Consolidation has become rampant in the banking industry, making for larger competitors to work against for the trust of consumers. The mortage market in the United States is currently weak, making the liabilities even larger for this company, and the return on investment nearly negligible. Choice of media Citicorp offers a substantial, diverse array of media marketing outlets, including television, radio, newspapers, billboards and social media, among others. They maintain a large, diverse website (citi.com), wherein individuals can log in to their online banking, apply for loans, check on the status of their credit cards and investments, and nearly any function that could be performed at a normal physical Citi location. This allows any online advertising or marketing to lead directly to the next step in gaining a consumer’s business – linking to the website and beginning a business relationship through applications, consultation, and the like. One of Citigroup’s major strategies, like many other financial companies, is set to sponsor athletes and sports starts in order to enhance their image, offering them endorsement deals in order to expose fans of these athletes to Citigroup as a company. One innovative strategy they have been trying, however, has been to â€Å"help sponsor rookies, amateurs and others around the world in multiple sports who may never dent the record books. The goal is to show off Citi’s skill as a trusted financial adviser, particularly among clients who may – or may not – be right on the cusp of hitting it big† (Quenqua, 2008). By going against the grain and using a twist on a tried-and true marketing practice to emphasize its mission statement, Citi has created a very strong outlet for portraying its new message. Their primary markets for athletes have been golfers, having chosen four rookie golfers to represent their campaign. This is meant to provide a link to Cit i’s target audience, which is upper-middle class whites with interest in investment and banking, typically the market most engaged in the game of golf. Citigroup spent $268 million dollars in advertising in 2009, making it the 98th biggest advertiser in the world (Adbrands.net). Nonetheless, it is struggling to regain the traction that it had experienced in 2005 and 2006, and the economic downturn of 2008 exacerbated that struggle. Lisa Caputo was put in charge of global marketing and communications in 2008, seeking to globalize the company’s marketing efforts and create new advertising and branding campaigns for Citigroup (Janoff, 2008). In 2000, â€Å"Citicorp was widely regarded as a very strong marketing and planning organization, but it was viewed as weak operationally and on execution of business plans† (DePamphilis, p. 323) – this attitude remains somewhat to this day. Use of social media was implemented by Citigroup not long after the $300 million bailout took place – the company sponsored a Facebook app called â€Å"Magnetic Lyrics† in order to appeal to the younger demographic. This app would feature music and lyrics by popular artists such as Mary J. Blige and Nickelback in order to increase the exposure of the company to new, younger, tech-savvy audiences with more disposable income. This deal involves them spending a small amount of money to reach a wider audience through Facebook, while paying ad revenue to the company for each user who plays with the application (Kafka, 2008). Citi also has its own dedicated iPhone and iPad apps, from which one can access their online banking and credit card services, providing convenient control over their finances and an added incentive to remain with the bank. Other forays into social media includes their CEO, Vikram Pandit, starting a blog in order to provide a more personal connection with the executives of the company. This is known as relationship marketing; the aim is to put a face on Citigroup and humanize it further, appealing to a wider swath of people. By doing this, the consumer can form a relationship with the executive, thus linking them emotionally with the company and making them more likely to do business with them. However, the CEO and executive blog (new.citi.com) has yet to pick up significant steam compared to its shareholders and customer base, with no comments on many of their posts, thus failing in their attempt to build an audience and a follower base. Recommendations Citigroup, despite its high visibility and deep investment in the world’s finances, still needs to do a great deal of image control in order to shake its image among many as one of the Big Four banks whose lackluster risk management led to the subprime mortgage crisis that cost many people their jobs and stock options. Advertising campaigns that appeal more to the common man or small businessman can go a long way towards engendering trust in the company, offering a more down-to-earth, approachable company that will look out for those who have been especially hurt by the economic crisis of recent years. Citi can also stand to increase its presence in social media, offering a more comprehensive portal from interest to closure of sale. As it stands now, their Facebook and Twitter feeds are somewhat understaffed, and their executive blog attempts to build relationship marketing have been met with resistance and a small, mostly negative group of followers. In order to curry greater favor with customers and clients, Citigroup must work to improve its image as a company that protects the interests of all of its customers – not just the golf-playing, affluent ones. Also, greater exposure to unique deals on loans and interest rates could be advertised through social media feeds, and further incentives could be created and activated by mobile apps. While the strategy to make a more humbled, innovative twist on athlete endorsements through sponsoring rookies is inspired, the efforts must extend beyond upper-middle class sports like golf – with more high-profile endorsements in sports such as baseball and basketball, a greater section of the country can have more involved exposure to Citigroup, and consider them when making their next banking or loan decision. By taking that strategy of sponsoring up-and-comers and applying it to a greater variety of sports, the lower-middle class and minority market can also be targeted. CONCLUSION The two companies, Dillard’s and Citigroup, have a great deal of marketing strategy changes that they must make in order to increase their visibility and improve their public image; however, while Dillard’s needs to focus on expansion and alterations to their primary demographics, Citigroup needs to perform damage control on the negative perceptions of their company. Further expansion of social media outlets will help to increase exposure of both companies, and relationship marketing can also provide a needed level of consumer trust to these corporations. For both companies, they would do well to have an increased presence in their social media outlets. Their Facebook and Twitter feeds could use substantial expansion and improvement, bringing in more and more followers to create a streamlined process to lead them to buy, from online-only coupons to sponsoring applications that consumers find useful. What’s more, their demographics could be expanded to include more affordable, varied options that extend beyond the upper and middle class – extending their advertising to make them more relatable to middle America and minorities would help to increase a customer base and provide a more diverse array of customers. This can, in the end, increase sales and provide avenues for expansion. References Arkansas Business, 1996. Dillards rethinks newspaper ad strategy. Goliath: Business Knowledge On Demand. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-697145/Dillard-s-rethinks-newspaper-ad.html Citigroup, 2011. Adbrands.net. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.adbrands.net/us/citigroup_us.htm. Citigroup’s Sustainable Paper Initiatives, 2011. Citi.com. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.citi.com/citi/environment/paper_inits.htm. DePamphilis, D. M., 2008. Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic. Janoff, B., 2008. Beleaguered Citigroup Restructures Marketing, Communications | Adweek. Adweek . Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/beleaguered-citigroup-restructures-marketing-communications-104218 Kafka, P., 2008. Citi Still Spending Money on Marketing; Facebook Will Get a Few Pennies. AllThingsD. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://allthingsd.com/20081124/citi-still-spending-money-on-marketing-and-facebook-will-get-a-few-pennies/ Kurtz, D. L., 2008. Contemporary marketing (13th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Plunkett, J. W., 2008. Plunketts retail industry almanac . Houston, Tex.: Plunkett Research. QUENQUA, D., 2011. Citi’s Sports Marketing Strategy Turns Its Focus to Stars-to-Be. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/business/media/09adco.html Stempel, J., 2007. Citigroup buys Automated Trading Desk. Reuters. Retrieved August 19, 2001, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/07/02/us-citigroup-automatedtradingdesk-idUSN0233485120070702 Viardot, E., 2004. Successful marketing strategy for high-tech firms (5th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Artech House.

Fort Clatsop Essay - 832 Words

Fort Clatsop Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery) in the Oregon Country. Located near the mouth of the Columbia River this site served as their camp from December 8, 1805 until their departure on March 23, 1806. Fort Clatsop is located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis. Now the site is known as the Fort Clatsop National Memorial. The Historical Site Upon the Corps of Discovery departure in March 1806, the fort rapidly decayed in the wet coastal forest of the western Oregon region, but was†¦show more content†¦They decided to settle in the relatively mild climate of the Pacific Coast while winter raged in the mountain highlands. Within 10 days of arriving on the coast, the Corps of Discovery decided to leave their storm-bound camp on the north shore of the Columbia River, and explore the area to the south. This area was said to have a ready supply of elk and deer and had convenient access to the ocean, which the men used to make salt. Lewis, with a small party, scouted ahead and found a â€Å"most eligible† site for winter quarters. On December 10, 1805, the men began to build a fort about two miles up the Netul River (now Lewis and Clark River). It took just over 3 weeks for the Expedition to build the fort, and by Christmas Day they were under shelter. They named the fort in honor of the friendly local Indian tribe, the Clatsop. Fort Clatsop would be the expedition’s home for the following three months. Throughout the winter Lewis and Clark maintained a strict military routine. A guard was constantly posted, and at sundown each day the fort was cleared of visitors and the gates locked for the night. Of the 106 days the explorers spent at the fort, it rained every day but 12, and the men suffered from colds, influenza, rheumatism, and other illnesses that the captains treated. Clothing rotted, and fleas infested the blankets and hides of the bedding to such a degree that aShow MoreRelatedLewis and Clark Expedition Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesjourney ahead. The Corps continued up the Missouri River until winter hit and they stopped in the villages of the Mandan tribe in December 1804, and built Fort Mandan in present-day Washburn, North Dakota. In the brunt of the winter temperatures frequently dropped to -45 degrees and three men were severely frost bitten. They stayed at the fort until April 1805. So far, Lew and Clark had discovered 108 new plant species and 68 mineral types . Sacagawea became increasingly important to the expeditionRead MoreThe Lewis And Clark Expedition Crew1217 Words   |  5 Pages #14: Winter- The lewis and clark expedition crew stopped for the winter along a small river, south of the Columbia. They built a fort, fort Clatsop which was named after the closest tribe of native Americans at that time. During the winter, they didn t have a lot of adventurous activities to fill their time with, so they devoted their time to making moccasins, buckskin clothing, storing their food, and wring out unfinished maps and journaling their thoughts and findings. Their everyday life wasRead MoreAdvocating For Meriwether Lewis As The Face Of The $ 10 Bill1239 Words   |  5 Pagesknown for his part in leading the Corps of Discovery on their expedition across the land of the recently acquisitioned Louisiana Purchase. The expedition took place between May of 1804 to September of 1806 and spanned from St. Louis, Missouri to Fort Clatsop in present day Oregon. During this period Lewis, the Corps, and his former commanding officer and friend William Clark set out to observe and ma p the Western lands. Along the way, Lewis and his companions discovered many new species of wildlifeRead MoreCultural Perspectives On American Expansionist, Colonial And Slave Society1628 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Clark loaded their brief written and spoken discourse among Native Americans with value judgments to make sense of and repudiate newfound native groups. Technically, Thomas Jefferson’s two military liaisons-cum-explorers spent a few months at Fort Clatsop on their mission to gain territory for the U.S. and find the mythical Northwest Passage, where they believed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans connected. New indigenous groups that the explorers encountered complicated the uniform taking of landRead MoreBiography Of George Rogers Clark And The Civil War884 Words   |  4 Pages When we had one of our horses go missing, we blamed it on the Sioux tribe. We came close to fighting with this tribe many times, but soon both of us backed down, and our expedition contin ued. During the winter of 1804-1805, we built Fort Mandan. After the fort had been set up, Indians came to visit us. We soon met a French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife named, Sacagawea. The fur trapper acted as a translator for us on this trip, and helped us make peace with the Indian chiefs. We continuedRead MoreLewis and Clark Expedition1018 Words   |  4 Pagesthey were helped by a Shoshone Indian named Sacagawea. Their journey was full of trouble and challenges but in the end led to a great discovery that changed the lives and beliefs of people everywhere. Their expedition stretched from camp wood to fort Clatsop. Lewis and Clark knew each other from the war where Clark was under William Lewis’s command later then Thomas Jefferson recruited Clark to lead this exploration and then he went to William Lewis to ask him to come along with him. Their expeditionRead MoreThe Second President Of The United States1311 Words   |  6 PagesBuffalo. The expedition reaches North Dakota and encounters the communities of the Mandans and the Hidatsas, who live in huge villages made of earth-lodges. The Corps decides to build their winter camp across the river from the main village and name it Fort Mandan. During their stay, they hire a French Canadian trader, middle-aged Toussaint Charbonneau, as an interpreter through his young wife Sacagawea. In January 1805, members of the expedition participate in the hunting of buffalo. The intense coldRead MoreThe Lewis ( 1774 ) And William Clark1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first snowfall, they reached the Mandan tribe’s villages, where they planned to spend the winter. They build Fort Mandan across the main village, for protection against the weather and attack by the Sioux. They finished the fort before the end of November. Guards were posted around the clock and switched every thirty minutes because of the intense cold. The expedition members spent Fort Mandan winter repairing equipment, trading with the Indians, and hunting for buffalo. Lewis and Clark learnedRead MoreThe Journals Of Lewis And Clark1470 Words   |  6 Pagessmall group and then when he reached the end of the path there was the Great Falls of The Missouri River which was a new experience for him. So he went back to Clark to head out once again since he knew which direction to go. After all the things since Fort Manda, on August 11 Lewis spotted a horse rider and later found out that it was a Shoshone Indian. The rider brought them to the village and later they found out that the rider was the brother of Sacagawea. The crew pleaded with the chief if they couldRead MoreThe History Of Lewis And Clark1651 Words   |  7 Pagesbuilt a fort, still in fear of the Sioux Indians coming for them. The winter was cold and the river had frozen over. Waiting out the winter at Fort Mandan it is here, where Lewis and Clark learned more about anim al species, and about the geography and area of the west. In the Mandan Village, around December, Lewis and Clark meet Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife the now, well-known name Sacagawea who would end up joining them on their journey after leaving the Mandan villages and the fort. Soon

Napoleon s Personality Trait Model - 1136 Words

Five-Factor Model Another way of looking at Napoleon’s personality in the context of Fisher’s biography would be by considering his traits. I will use the Five-Factor Model (FFM), also known as the Big Five, the most widely acclaimed personality trait model, in the subsequent analysis in this paper. The Big Five model includes five general dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness. All of these consist of a wide array of traits strongly correlated with them These dimensions have convergent and discriminant validity and have been shown to be highly consistent over many years of an individual’s life (McCrae John, 1992). The traits used and referenced in the subsequent analysis can be found in the Appendix of this paper - a table listing some of the factors originally used to define the dimensions (McCrae John, 1992). To observe how Napoleon fit into each of these dimensions, we will examine his biography in accordance to traits and experiences attributed to him. First, we will examine where he would stand on the scale of openness, a trait linked to curiosity, introspection, insightfulness, etc. Napoleon possessed â€Å"exquisite passion for acquisition† (Fisher, p.13), during his early military career, he read and wrote about everything from metaphysical to strictly scientific; he decided upon his own religion after long examination of his beliefs. Additionally, he, as already mentioned before, was curious about the cultures ofShow MoreRelatedAre Leaders Made or Born: a Critique of Great Manand Trait Theories4094 Words   |  17 PagesARE LEADERS BORN OR MADE: A critique of Great Man and Trait theories. Assignment prepared by Philip Barry 387169 August 08 Introduction Leadership continues to be one of the most debated and studied topics in management and indeed society as a whole. This can be evidenced by the fact that if you search for leadership on Goggle 175,000,000 worldwide hits are recorded. Success in many arenas, whether it be business, the military, politics or the wider community is often primarilyRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour - Leaders Are Born Not Made1579 Words   |  7 Pagessports†¦) requiere a strong figure able to inspire and being a role model to follow. In order to accomplish the purpose of the essay, it will be first introduced the Great Man theory about leaders traits, and its relevant criticism. Secondly, it will be argued the behaviour theories of leadership exposed by the University of Michigan and the Ohio State University, followed by the contingency theory of leadership that negates both the trait and behavioural theories. Last, a conclusion will be held aboutRead MoreTrait, Skills, and Situational Leadership Approaches: a Comparative Examination7410 Words   |  30 PagesTRAIT, SKILLS, AND SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP APPROACHES: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION LEAD 720: Leadership Theory and Practice Professor: Dr. David C. Greenhalgh Submitted by: Ronald Greilich Eastern University April 15, 2011 Introduction There are many theories of leadership but three of the more formative are the trait approach, the skills approach, and the situational approach theories. This paper will compare these approaches, their foundations, and their research records as wellRead MoreLeadership Theories and Their Contemporary Application3170 Words   |  13 Pagesall these frameworks were provided by (Bass, 1990, p.11) as focus of group process meaning that leader has the central stage in a group controlling the groups will, another collection of these definition relate to personality perspective which says that leader possesses a set of traits or unique characteristics which makes them command and control a group. Others define it as an act or behavior that results in submission of a group to leaders will and direction. In order to lead the basic componentRead MoreTill Blood Gushes Through These Veins !2432 Words   |  10 Pages(Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013, p.652) And who better can explain what a leader is than the great Napoleon himself! He says that one who dispenses confidence is a spot-on leader, taking his land to sunnier and higher altitudes. (Napoleon et al., 1916) Gerard Butler did full justice to the awe-inspiring character of King Leonidas, who encompassed all qualities of a good leader and was the commander Napoleon spoke of, in this movie. The movie revolves around the legendary battle of Thermopylae fought betweenRead MoreLeadership Analysis of Winston Churchill2723 Words   |  11 Pagespeople and respected by those above him. Some of his leadership traits can be seen in how he conducted himself during the different wars he was involved in. He was confident in his abilities which can be seen as one of the primary methods of leadership. He was also willing to let people know about his abilities. Churchill made a point of mentioning them as often as possible which may be seen as egoism instead of leadership, but this trait matured into a true leadership quality. Instead of becoming braggadociosRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Leader Like1843 Words   |  8 PagesIt is therefore important to recognise some of the characteristics of a leader like: Domain; which means that people are able to take responsibility, energy; referring to the ability to drive and tenacity in terms of the group s goals, confidence in themselves; confident in their abilities, able to take control, stability; referring to the ability to control their emotions, they can identify when lead and when to follow, understand their weaknesses and strengths, integrity; basically referringRead MoreConcept of Leadership8600 Words   |  35 Pagesa leader and on the qualities of the individuals available to fill that role. A number of factors may determine who emerges as a groups leader: (1) physical characteristics such as height, weight, age, and gender; (2) intelligence; (3) personality traits; (4) task abilities; and (5) participation rates. Why do followers Follow Although the number of reasons followers follow may be as numerous as the number of followers, we may generalize by saying that followers expect their needs to beRead MoreI Am A Third Culture Kid ( Tck )1957 Words   |  8 Pagesphysical sense), â€Å"too abusive† or â€Å"too direct† and even sometimes excessively curt or critical. In retrospect, I found myself many times thinking if something I had said or a reaction I had was uncalled for. I know that a change to a specific trait(s) in one’s personality cannot occur overnight, but admitting that I have flaws is a good precursor to change. My assessment survey also unraveled an interesting gap (negative) between how effective of a leader I think I am and what others think. I breathe a sighRead MoreLeadership Development Model Of Bass And Avolio9476 Words   |  38 PagesTheories of Leadership 2. Transactional leadership style and staff performance 3. Transformational leadership style and staff performance 4. Laissez-faire leadership style and staff performance Theoretical framework Full range leadership development model of Bass and Avolio (1994) 2.1 THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP The study of leadership has been an important and central part of the literature on management and organization behavior for several decades. Leadership is a topic of interest, study and debate

Are International Negotiations to Control Global Warming Useful free essay sample

Since 1990 annual global CO2 emissions have more than tripled, much of this being retained in the atmosphere. It is clear to scientists that human-generated CO2 has accelerated global warming. Figuring out the problems is much more dif? cult than coming up with a solution though. There have been long international negotiations and as a result, some countries have reduced their CO2 emissions, but overall they just keep continuing to grow. They’re are also debates on how costly restrictions on CO2 emissions will be. In this debate Elliot Diringer argues that since global warming is a globally generated phenomenon that has global impacts, the solution must involve global negotiations. Stephen Hayward favors abandoning what he sees as fruitless International negotiations and on imposing economically damaging emissions restrictions and instead launching a massive U. S effort to develop energy that will generate fewer or no emissions, including nuclear energy. ! Diringer supports the yes side, believing that International negotiations to control global warming are useful. We will write a custom essay sample on Are International Negotiations to Control Global Warming Useful? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cancun agreement was set into place and represent the most tangible process within the UNFCCC negotiations. They memorialize pledges taken by more than 80 countries accounting for more than 80% of global emissions. The agreements established the fundamentals of a stronger support system for developing countries, and a stronger system for countries to verify whether other countries are sticking to their pledge. All nations share a common interest in adverting dangerous climate change and pursue clean energy are in our direct national interest as well. There are many reasons, whether from an environmental, national security, or economic perspective. While international agreements and commitments are critical to our success in addressing global climate change, more important efforts are the policies and actions countries are taking implementing policies contributing in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The European Union, China, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, Mexico, and North Korea are all working towards goals they’ve set in order to reduce their countries CO2 emissions. ! Hayward supports the no side, stating that climate negotiations are implausible  and unpromising. When the issue of climate change ? rst came into play in the 1980’s, the question was: What diplomatic frameworks have worked before for similar kinds of global problems? With this three models for problems of global reach that had success was the arms control and anti-proliferation regimes, trade liberation process, and the Montreal Protocol. Hay ward believes that divide between wealthy and poorer nations is a concern. Poor nations have an overriding interest in affordable energy, which mean cheap energy, which means fossil fuel energy. What approach can replace the UN diplomatic track? Hayward asks. A more likely path to more signi? cant climate outcome would focus not on emissions limits but an emphasis on cheap decarbonization of energy through innovation. ! After the readings, I support Diringer and the yes side. I personally don’t believe that nuclear energy is the anwser to global warming. I think that because global warming is something that effects the world as a whole, and also each country, I think the only way to go about reducing CO2 emissions is International negotiations. Global warming can not be diminished if not every country is working on their ways of contributing.

A Hitchhikers Guide to Queens free essay sample

For seven years of my life, I lived in a New York borough called Queens. When I left, I was certain I had packed everything, but it turned out I had not. I forgot something very important, something money cannot buy my spirit. As I ventured to the new world of suburban Long Island, I began to reminisce about my great childhood in Queens, what I had learned, and the impression that the place left on me. One of the biggest bonuses of living in Queens was its diversity and the variety of cultures from around the world that give the chance to meet people from all walks of life. I jumped right into that cultural salad bowl. It was there that I learned to speak Spanish. Listening to classmates, their family, store owners and neighbors speak Spanish, I began trying to interpret what was said. In the long run, my investigations helped me achieve good grades in Spanish at school. We will write a custom essay sample on A Hitchhikers Guide to Queens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then theres food. I still remember my first gyro. I was at a restaurant in Kew Gardens when I pointed to a huge revolving slab of meat and told the waitress, Ill have that. I took a bite of the Greek delicacy and it was delicious. Ever since, I need my weekly gyro. I had many good friends in Queens who introduced me to the new music of rhythm and blues, as well as reggae. I was amazed by it all. The beat was phenomenal and sounded like nothing I had ever heard with its strong sound and melodic tone. Along with the music came dancing. Friends showed me how to dance, but the result was mediocre at best. I dont think there is a name for my style maybe embarrassing. At least I made others laugh, which made me (and still makes me) happiest. I still listen to rhythm and blues and reggae. My dancing, however, has not improved. In Queens, basketball was very popular. I was no Michael Jordan, but I had my moments. I was a great spectator, though. I would go down to Braddock Park and watch the games. I was so impressed by the athletic ability of players that I began watching more games (both on TV and live) and working on my own ability. I loved playing basketball for fun, and still do. New York is the city that never sleeps, but Queens is a pretty restless place on its own. No matter the time, someone will be on his or her porch. It is very comforting to know that there is always someone around to talk to, someone to relax with, and someone to help. I recall one block party when I was about seven years old. The party must have lasted until midnight. I was with a group of friends and some of the older boys were setting off fireworks while we played baseball and volleyball and ate hot dogs and hamburgers. As one of the fireworks went off, I began to see Queens as not just a place, but a spark. This spark started my life, comforting me and giving me a homey feeling. As I look through my photo albums, I cannot help but feel like a child again. Queens may just be a dot on the globe, but to me it is one of the greatest places on Earth. Queens is where my knowledge of life itself expanded. Queens gave my life purpose, one which I will carry into the future.

Knowledge Concept Essays - Epistemology, Philosophy, Knowledge

Knowledge Concept When discussing the concept of knowledge it must be made clear what type of knowledge is being discussed. Three types of knowledge are proposed in philosophy; object knowledge, know-how knowledge, and propositional knowledge. Object knowledge involves a person, place, or thing. For example saying that I know my friend Antony is object knowledge, implying that I have had personal contact with him and it could also imply that I know facts about him. Know-how consists of abilities such as knowing how to ski. An Olympic skier who goes to the slopes every day to practice has know-how knowledge of skiing. Meanwhile a scientist, who studies the physics of skiing, the physiological make up of the skier and has never skied before, has the third and final type of knowledge, propositional knowledge. This form of knowledge deals with something that is either true or false, in other words the is a proposition stated as the category of propositional knowledge indicates. Propositional knowledge is the most debatable of the three and involves more in depth ideas to it, therefore I will spend my words on this form of knowledge. Basically knowledge demands two things, truth and belief. Belief in the persons mind that what they know is true and truth is self-explainable. But, when it comes down to it knowledge requires more. People can be fooled into believing things, true or not, by other people. These persons have a true belief in what they were told to believe but they don't actually have knowledge of the subject. This where justification comes into play. If I am justified in knowing that my car is red I have evidence to support my claim, I and others have viewed the red paint on the car and my registration has red 2 written as the color of the car. My knowledge is strengthened by the supporting evidence behind my claim. The JTB theory suggests that knowledge consists of true belief and that it is justified. This leads into the argument on what definition of justification is required for knowledge. There is highly reliable evidence and there is infallible evidence. I have highly reliable information that my car is red, but there are variables that could account for the car to appear red in my evidence and actually be pink in true color. Consequently, I can't be sure that my knowledge is purely infallible, in turn weakening my claim. There are three counterexamples to the JTB theory. One argument is that a person may have justified true belief that something will happen, and their justification is highly reliable. Then have the end result of the prediction come true, but not the knowledge about how it came to be the result. For example I may learn that the weather channel has predicted a 90% chance of rain tomorrow. I then conclude that since my car is outside and the weather channel is highly reliable source on weather patterns, my car will get wet tomorrow. The next day it may turn out that the weather channel has had a miss calculation and the storm clouds pass over without releasing a drop of rain, yet my car is sprayed with water by a neighbor watering his flowers. I had good justification in my true belief that my car was going to get wet, but I lack the knowledge about the more specific outcome of the prediction. This is similar to the philosopher Edmund Gettier's counterexample. Another counterexample came from Bertrand Russell, which contemplates a highly reliable clock. While passing by the clock, a man stops to note the time given by the clock. It indicates that the time is 9:55, so the man walks on with the justified notion that this clock is reliable and has given him the correct time. Unknown to the man the clock had stopped dead 3 exactly 24 hours ago. So the man has a justified true belief that the time is 9:55, but he doesn't know that this is the right time. A third counterexample was proposed by Elliott Sober. He explains a fair lottery. 1,000 tickets are sold in this lottery and I have bought ticket number 452, with the odds being 1 in 1,000 that I will be the winner, I make the logical assumption that ticket 452 will not win. As it turns out 452 didn't win and my supposition was correct. My belief was true and I had good reason to believe that my chances of winning were small, but after all I had no